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Background/purpose Proper breathing is essential to healthy growth and development of children. The present study aimed to investigate changes in the pharyngeal airway space in primary-school children. Materials and methods Cephalometric radiographs were obtained from 93 primary-school children, who were divided into three age groups (Group I, aged 7–8 years; Group II, aged 9–10 years; and Group III, aged 11–12 years). Landmarks identified on each cephalogram included the tip of the uvula (U), hyoid bone (H), and epiglottis (E). Linear and angular measurements comprised nasopharyngeal airway (NP); PS (shortest distance from the soft palate to the pharyngeal wall); UP (distance from the tip of the uvula to the pharyngeal wall); TS (shortest distance from the posterior tongue to the pharyngeal wall); EP (distance, parallel to the X-axis, from the epiglottis to the pharyngeal wall). Statistical analysis was performed using one-way analysis of variance and Pearson correlation tests. Results Group III had the highest values for all the variables. The three groups exhibited significant differences for all pharyngeal airway variables, except for EP. The three groups had significantly different vertical U, H, and E. There were positive correlations between age and NP, PS, UP, and TS; however, no significant correlation was observed between age and EP. Age significantly correlated with the vertical U, E, and H. Correlations between age and the horizontal U, E, and H were nonsignificant. Conclusion Among primary-school children from various grades, age significantly correlated with all pharyngeal airway variables, except with EP.
Background/purpose Proper breathing is essential to healthy growth and development of children. The present study aimed to investigate changes in the pharyngeal airway space in primary-school children. Materials and methods Cephalometric radiographs were obtained from 93 primary-school children, who were divided into three age groups (Group I, aged 7–8 years; Group II, aged 9–10 years; and Group III, aged 11–12 years). Landmarks identified on each cephalogram included the tip of the uvula (U), hyoid bone (H), and epiglottis (E). Linear and angular measurements comprised nasopharyngeal airway (NP); PS (shortest distance from the soft palate to the pharyngeal wall); UP (distance from the tip of the uvula to the pharyngeal wall); TS (shortest distance from the posterior tongue to the pharyngeal wall); EP (distance, parallel to the X-axis, from the epiglottis to the pharyngeal wall). Statistical analysis was performed using one-way analysis of variance and Pearson correlation tests. Results Group III had the highest values for all the variables. The three groups exhibited significant differences for all pharyngeal airway variables, except for EP. The three groups had significantly different vertical U, H, and E. There were positive correlations between age and NP, PS, UP, and TS; however, no significant correlation was observed between age and EP. Age significantly correlated with the vertical U, E, and H. Correlations between age and the horizontal U, E, and H were nonsignificant. Conclusion Among primary-school children from various grades, age significantly correlated with all pharyngeal airway variables, except with EP.
Introducción: numerosos estudios mencionan que las variaciones del crecimiento y orientación del ángulo de la base craneal pueden alterar la posición de ambos maxilares en relación con la base craneal. En este estudio, se busca relacionar el ángulo de la base craneal con las clases esqueletales, en telerradiografías laterales de pacientes adultos que acudieron a la Clínica Odontológica del Instituto Latinoamericano de Estudios Superiores, de la ciudad de Asunción, Paraguay, entre los años 2010 y 2018. Materiales y métodos: estudio transversal retrospectivo. Para clasificar la clase esqueletal, se utilizó el ángulo ANB de Steiner, y para determinar el ángulo de la base craneal posterior, el NSBa de Varjanne y Koski. Luego, se aplicó la prueba chi-cuadrado para relacionar el ángulo de la base craneal y las clases esqueletales, con un nivel de confianza del 95 %. Resultados: formaron parte del estudio 185 telerradiografías laterales de cráneo de pacientes que acudieron a la clínica. La media del ángulo NSBa fue 128.4 ° ± 5.17 °; la clase I fue de 128.27 ° ± 5.27 °; la clase II, de 129.1 ° ± 4.7 °; y la clase III, de 127.84 ° ± 5 °. El 65.95 % posee valores del ángulo NSBa fuera de la norma, de los cuales el 87.7 % presentan un ángulo cerrado. Conclusión: el promedio del ángulo de la base craneal estaba fuera de la norma en todas las clases esqueletales, siendo más frecuente la flexión craneal, en orden decreciente para las clases III, I y II.
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