COVID-19, the firestone in 21st century: a review on coronavirus disease and its clinical perspectives

Abstract

Graphical abstract The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) outbreak began in late 2019 in Wuhan, China, and have since spread globally. Deep sequencing analysis identified the disease within a few weeks, and on February 11, the World Health Organization (WHO) named it “COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2.” SARS-CoV-2 was declared a global pandemic by the WHO in March 2020. Coronavirus disease has become a global challenge for researchers and health care workers, affecting over 174 million people and causing over 3 million deaths. Because of the widespread nature, extensive measures are being taken to reduce person-to-person contact, and special precautions are being taken to prevent the transmission of this infection to vulnerable populations such as geriatrics, pediatrics, and health care professionals. We summarized the genesis of COVID-19 spread, its pathology, clinical perspectives, and the use of natural ingredients as a possible cure for COVID-19 in this review. This article has highlighted information about current vaccines approved for emergency use as well as those in various stages of clinical trials. Vaccine availability around the world is a promising development in the fight against the SARS-CoV-2 virus. We conducted a narrative review to present the current state and research on this situation, specific diagnosis, clinical manifestation, emergency approaches, herbal-based remedies, and COVID vaccines.

A comparative study of wood sawdust and plastic smoke particulate matter with a focus on spectroscopic, fluorescent, oxidative, and neuroactive properties

“…Neurological disorders are the 3rd reason of disability and premature death in the European Union, and this burden is expected to be increased (Deuschl et al 2020;Karthika et al 2021) and significantly aggravated by COVID pandemic because of "long COVID" neurological complications (Jarrahi et al 2020;The Lancet Neurology 2021). Etiology of neurological disorders still remains unclear, and their stable expansion is linked to air pollution with PM 2.5 (particulate matter, size of which is less than Responsible Editor: Lotfi Aleya.…”

“…Neurological disorders are the 3rd reason of disability and premature death in the European Union, and this burden is expected to be increased (Deuschl et al 2020 ; Karthika et al 2021 ) and significantly aggravated by COVID pandemic because of “long COVID” neurological complications (Jarrahi et al 2020 ; The Lancet Neurology 2021 ). Etiology of neurological disorders still remains unclear, and their stable expansion is linked to air pollution with PM 2.5 (particulate matter, size of which is less than 2.5 µm), which disperses globally, traveling across state boundaries, oceans, and continents (Jiang et al 2015 ; Zhang et al 2017 ), targeting nervous system, and triggering development of neurological disorders and complications, e.g., lowered cognitive function, autism, neurodegenerative disease, dementia, and stroke (Landrigan et al 2018 ).…”

COVID-19 diagnostic methods in developing countries

“…For nucleic acid amplification, PCR, RT-PCR, and isothermal amplification technologies, including reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP), and CRISPR-based assays, were used. However, PCR or RT-PCR requires multiple temperature changes for each cycle, but isothermal nucleic acid amplification needs constant temperature and a single temperature cycle (Carter et al 2020 ; Karthika et al 2021 ). Therefore, for COVID-19 detection, several methods have been developed.…”

Knowledge, perception, and fear among the global population towards newly evoked variant Omicron (B.1.1.529)

“…It is essential to understand the effectiveness of available vaccines against upcoming variants. Hence more research is required to explore re-infection, viral transmission, and escaping immune response [ 4 , 8 , 9 ]. The beta variant (B.1.351) had 4.6 times more affinity toward Angiotensin-converting enzyme-II (ACE-II) than the receptor-binding domain of the first Severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus-2 [ 8 , 10 ].…”