COVID-19 Restriction Movement Control Order (MCO) Impacted Emissions of Peninsular Malaysia Using Sentinel-2a and Sentinel-5p Satellite

Abstract

The unprecedented outbreak of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has impacted the whole world in every aspect including health, social life, economic activity, education, and the environment. The pandemic has led to an improvement in air quality all around the world, including in Malaysia. Lockdowns have resulted in industry shutting down and road travel decreasing which can reduce the emission of Greenhouse Gases (GHG) and air pollution. This research assesses the impact of the COVID-19 lockdown on emissions using the Air Pollution Index (API), aerosols, and GHG which is Nitrogen Dioxide (NO 2 ) in Malaysia. The data used is from Sentinel-5p and Sentinel-2A which monitor the air quality based on Ozone (O 3 ) and NO 2 concentration. Using an interpolated API Index Map comparing 2019, before the implementation of a Movement Control Order (MCO), and 2020, after the MCO period we examine the impact on pollution during and after the COVID-19 lockdown. Data used Sentinel-5p, Sentinel-2A, and Air Pollution Index of Malaysia (APIMS) to monitor the air quality that contains NO 2 concentration. The result has shown the recovery in air quality during the MCO implementation which indirectly shows anthropogenic activities towards the environmental condition. The study will help to enhance and support the policy and scope for air pollution management strategies as well as raise public awareness of the main causes that contribute to air pollution.

Environmental Impacts of Biodiesel Production Cycle from Farm to Manufactory: An Application of Sustainable Systems Engineering

“…In addition, examining the ultimate damage levels in three levels, namely, human health, ecosystem quality, and resources showed that the agricultural sector causes the highest damage. The results of this research are important to meet the sustainable development goals in the era of global warming and climate change [61][62][63][64].…”

Bacillus spp. as Bioagents: Uses and Application for Sustainable Agriculture

“…Biopesticides have long been attracting global attraction due to their safer strategy than conventional pesticides. Considering the importance of sustainable agriculture [ 173 , 174 , 175 , 176 ], Bacillus spp.-based bioproducts could be a promising addition to sustainable agriculture as there is a limited product range available. There is a dire need to explore the potential of Bacillus spp.…”

A Bibliometric Analysis: Remote Sensing Literature in Dimensions.ai Database

“…Furthermore, temperature analysis of the level of spread of covid-19 (Meraj et al, 2021), changes in river and air water quality (Aman et al, 2020;Joshi & Agrawal, 2022;Kumari et al, 2022;Muduli et al, 2021;Naqvi et al, 2021;Xing et al, 2022;H. Xu et al, 2021), improved quality of snow and ice in the Indus river valley during lockdown (Bair et al, 2021), reduction of NO2 levels during lockdown (Abdelsattar et al, 2021;Naqvi et al, 2021;Siddiqui et al, 2020), air pollution reduction rate using air pollution index (API), aerosol and GHG (NO2) in Malaysia (Mazlan et al, 2022), in India (Mohite et al, 2022;Singh et al, 2022;Tan et al, 2022), and Egypt (Abou El-Magd & Zanaty, 2021), monitoring of chemical pollution from the boundary layers of the atmosphere during lockdown (Joshi et al, 2020;Liu et al, 2021;Rani & Kumar, 2022;Tourre et al, 2022;Varotsos et al, 2021), analyzing the agricultural harvest situation during lockdown through NDVI analysis (Saxena et al, 2021), analysis of the growth status of agricultural crops in China (Y. .…”