COVID-19: Pathophysiology, treatment options, nanotechnology approaches, and research agenda to combating the SARS-CoV2 pandemic

Bhavana, Valamla; Thakor, Pradip; Singh, Shashi Bala; Mehra, Neelesh Kumar

doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118336

Cited by 77 publications

(82 citation statements)

References 121 publications

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“…The presence of phenols, alcohols, amides, sulfoxide, flavanoids, terpenoids and steroids etc. found in GA-AgNPs are also reported by other researchers [ [11] , [12] , [13] , [14] , [15] , [16] ].…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 88%

“…The average size of NPs, width of Bragg’s reflection at 111, and the corresponding average size of the GA-AgNPs, was found to be 11.0 nm. The presence of several unassigned peaks indicates that the GA-AgNPs have bio-organic compounds derived from gum Arabic on their surfaces, as reported by several other workers [ [11] , [12] , [13] , [14] , [15] , [16] ].…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 66%

“…This water-soluble, edible glue is used in food, pharmaceutical, and industrial applications. Why the gum Arabic is used as a moderating agent to prepare AgNPs is because GA exerts its components over NPs as capping agents change Zeta potential to negative and causes aggregation process [ 16 ]. Using GA as a growth medium for nickel nanoparticle preparation enhances excellent antibacterial behaviour [ 17 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Synthesis of silver nanoparticles using gum Arabic: Evaluation of its inhibitory action on Streptococcus mutans causing dental caries and endocarditis

Al-Ansari

Al-Dahmash

Ranjitsingh³

2021

Journal of Infection and Public Health

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Background Streptococcus mutans are an oral pathogen that causes dental caries, endocarditis, and systemic dysfunctions, an alternative antibacterial solution from silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are investigated. Methods AgNPs were synthesized using the ethnobotanical product gum Arabic. It influenced the nanoparticles with medicinal value through their role as capping, stabilizing, or surface-attached components. The biophysical characteristics of the synthesized AgNPs were studied using UV–vis spectrum, XRD, EDAX, SEM, and TEM tools. The AgNPs were spherical with the average size less than 10 nm. By using the well diffusion and microdilution techniques, the impact of synthesized AgNPs was tested against S. mutans isolates. Results The smaller the size, the greater the antibacterial and antiviral potential the particles exhibit. The biophysical characteristics of AgNPs the presence of phenols, alcohols, amides, sulfoxide, flavanoids, terpenoids and steroids. The AgNPs exhibited a good antibacterial action against the oral pathogen S. mutans. The synthesized NPs at a dose level of 200 μg/mL exhibited an inhibition zone with 18.30 ± 0.5 nm diameter. The synthesised nanoparticles inhibited the genes responsible for biofilm formation of S. mutans over host tooth and gums (gtfB, gtfc, gtfD) and virulent protective factors (comDE, brpA and smu 360) and survival promoter genes (gyrA and spaP, gbpB). Conclusion The potent antibiotic action over S. mutans seen with the synthesized NPs, paves the way for the development of novel dental care products. Also, the small-sized NPs promote its applicability in COVID-19 pandemic containment.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 88%

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 66%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Synthesis of silver nanoparticles using gum Arabic: Evaluation of its inhibitory action on Streptococcus mutans causing dental caries and endocarditis

Al-Ansari

Al-Dahmash

Ranjitsingh³

2021

Journal of Infection and Public Health

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“…Not only limited to that, a recent study proposed usage of nanoparticles to create decoy targets for SARS-CoV-2 to attach, absorbing viruses and hindering their chance to contact cells to reduce the rate of developing an infection [105]. Moreover, previous studies reveal how nanotechnological approaches can reach out further by pioneering the creation of improved PPE and nano-sized drug delivery systems to overcome COVID-19 [106,107]. Among mentioned prevention methods which are the first line of defence for tackling the overwhelming course of the pandemic, the real challenge lies in vaccine development studies.…”

Section: Nanotechnological Approaches Against Covid-19mentioning

confidence: 99%

Surface interactions and viability of coronaviruses

Aydoğdu

Altun

Chung

et al. 2021

J. R. Soc. Interface.

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The recently emerged coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19) has become a worldwide threat affecting millions of people, causing respiratory system related problems that can end up with extremely serious consequences. As the infection rate rises significantly and this is followed by a dramatic increase in mortality, the whole world is struggling to accommodate change and is trying to adapt to new conditions. While a significant amount of effort is focused on developing a vaccine in order to make a game-changing anti-COVID-19 breakthrough, novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) is also developing mutations rapidly as it transmits just like any other virus and there is always a substantial chance of the invented antibodies becoming ineffective as a function of time, thus failing to inhibit virus-to-cell binding efficiency as the spiked protein keeps evolving. Hence, controlling the transmission of the virus is crucial. Therefore, this review summarizes the viability of coronaviruses on inanimate surfaces under different conditions while addressing the current state of known chemical disinfectants for deactivation of the coronaviruses. The review attempts to bring together a wide spectrum of surface–virus–cleaning agent interactions to help identify material selection for inanimate surfaces that have frequent human contact and cleaning procedures for effective prevention of COVID-19 transmission.

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“…The clinical presentation of COVID-19 ranges from mild to severe symptoms; critical illness is characterized by respiratory failure, septic shock, and other multiple organ dysfunction or failure [4,5]. Patient characteristics, clinical outcomes, and resource use of hospitalized COVID -19 patients have been described in several US studies [6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Health outcomes and economic burden of hospitalized COVID-19 patients in the United States

Fusco

Shea

Lin³

et al. 2021

Journal of Medical Economics

161

158

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Objective: To evaluate health outcomes and the economic burden of hospitalized COVID-19 patients in the United States. Methods: Hospitalized patients with a primary or secondary discharge diagnosis code for COVID-19 (ICD-10 code U07.1) from April 1-October 31, 2020 were identified in the Premier Healthcare COVID-19 Database. Patient demographics, hospitalization characteristics, and concomitant medical conditions were assessed. Hospital length of stay (LOS), in-hospital mortality, hospital charges, and hospital costs were evaluated overall and stratified by age groups, insurance types, and 4 COVID-19 disease progression states based on intensive care unit (ICU) and invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) usage. Results: Of the 173,942 hospitalized COVID-19 patients, median age was 63 years, 51.0% were male, and 48.5% were covered by Medicare. The most prevalent concomitant medical conditions were cardiovascular disease (73.5%), hypertension (64.8%), diabetes (40.7%), obesity (27.0%), and chronic kidney disease (24.2%). Approximately one-fifth (21.9%) of the hospitalized COVID-19 patients were admitted to the ICU and 16.9% received IMV; most patients (73.6%) did not require ICU admission or IMV, and 12.4% required both. The median hospital LOS was 5 days, in-hospital mortality was 13.6%, median hospital charges were $43,986, and median hospital costs were $12,046. Hospital LOS and in-hospital mortality increased with ICU and/or IMV usage and age; hospital charges and costs increased with ICU and/or IMV usage. Patients with both ICU and IMV usage had the longest median hospital LOS (15 days), highest inhospital mortality (53.8%), and highest hospital charges ($198,394) and hospital costs ($54,402). Limitations: This retrospective administrative database analysis relied on coding accuracy and a subset of admissions with validated/reconciled hospital costs. Conclusions: This study summarizes the severe health outcomes and substantial hospital costs of hospitalized COVID-19 patients in the US. The findings support the urgent need for rapid implementation of effective interventions, including safe and efficacious vaccines.

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COVID-19: Pathophysiology, treatment options, nanotechnology approaches, and research agenda to combating the SARS-CoV2 pandemic

Cited by 77 publications

References 121 publications

Synthesis of silver nanoparticles using gum Arabic: Evaluation of its inhibitory action on Streptococcus mutans causing dental caries and endocarditis

Synthesis of silver nanoparticles using gum Arabic: Evaluation of its inhibitory action on Streptococcus mutans causing dental caries and endocarditis

Surface interactions and viability of coronaviruses

Health outcomes and economic burden of hospitalized COVID-19 patients in the United States

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