Synthesis of silver nanoparticles using gum Arabic: Evaluation of its inhibitory action on Streptococcus mutans causing dental caries and endocarditis

Abstract

Background Streptococcus mutans are an oral pathogen that causes dental caries, endocarditis, and systemic dysfunctions, an alternative antibacterial solution from silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are investigated. Methods AgNPs were synthesized using the ethnobotanical product gum Arabic. It influenced the nanoparticles with medicinal value through their role as capping, stabilizing, or surface-attached components. The biophysical characteristics of the synthesized AgNPs were studied using UV–vis spectrum, XRD, EDAX, SEM, and TEM tools. The AgNPs were spherical with the average size less than 10 nm. By using the well diffusion and microdilution techniques, the impact of synthesized AgNPs was tested against S. mutans isolates. Results The smaller the size, the greater the antibacterial and antiviral potential the particles exhibit. The biophysical characteristics of AgNPs the presence of phenols, alcohols, amides, sulfoxide, flavanoids, terpenoids and steroids. The AgNPs exhibited a good antibacterial action against the oral pathogen S. mutans. The synthesized NPs at a dose level of 200 μg/mL exhibited an inhibition zone with 18.30 ± 0.5 nm diameter. The synthesised nanoparticles inhibited the genes responsible for biofilm formation of S. mutans over host tooth and gums (gtfB, gtfc, gtfD) and virulent protective factors (comDE, brpA and smu 360) and survival promoter genes (gyrA and spaP, gbpB). Conclusion The potent antibiotic action over S. mutans seen with the synthesized NPs, paves the way for the development of novel dental care products. Also, the small-sized NPs promote its applicability in COVID-19 pandemic containment.

Broad Spectrum Anti-Bacterial Activity and Non-Selective Toxicity of Gum Arabic Silver Nanoparticles

“…Bacterial growth inhibition was observed at 6.25-100 µg/mL for the two GA-AgNPs for all strains, with an MIC of 6.25 µg/mL, except for GA-AgNPs_0.4g effect in E. coli which had an MIC of 25 µg/mL. The MIC values were consistent with the GA-AgNPs reported by other studies; the NPs had an MIC of 10 µg/mL in S. mutans [67], 11-45 µg/mL in P. aeruginosa [44], 1.625 and 3.25 µg/mL for A. hydrophila and P. aeruginosa, respectively [68]. The results in the current study were further confirmed by the Alamar Blue assay, which quantifies the metabolic activity of cells.…”

“…The two GA-AgNPs exhibited similar activity against the test bacteria. Similar effects were reported for GA-AgNPs synthesized using other GA species; the GA-AgNPs were potent against oral (Streptococcus mutans) [67] and fish (Aeromonas hydrophila and P. aeruginosa) [68] pathogens.…”

Optimum Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles with the Highest Antibacterial Activity against Streptococcus mutans Biofilm

“…The supernatant was stored for the synthesis of AgNPs, which was optimized using the Taguchi method. According to this method, nine experiments were designed based on different factors, including silver nitrate (AgNO 3 ) concentrations (0.3, 0.6, and 0.9 mg/mL), incubation times (48, 72, and 96 h), and incubation temperatures (27,32, and 37 °C). The synthesis process was started by adding 0.5 mL of the bacterial supernatant to the AgNO 3 solution at different concentrations.…”

Plant Extract-Synthesized Silver Nanoparticles for Application in Dental Therapy

“…Among the available MNPs, much attention was given towards the exploitation of the biomedically-related effects of AgNPs, particularly its antimicrobial effects. Silver has a long history in dental application, initially in the form of ionic compounds [78], and recently, in NP formulation [79][80][81]. Many studies have demonstrated the antimicrobial effects of 38% silver diamine fluoride (SDF) in the prevention of caries, where the ionic silver and fluoride served as antimicrobial and remineralization agents, respectively [82,83].…”