COVID-19 mortality across occupations and secondary risks for elderly individuals in the household: A population register-based study

Billingsley, Sunnee; Brandén, Maria; Aradhya, Siddartha; Drefahl, Sven; Andersson, Gunnar; Mussino, Eleonora

doi:10.5271/sjweh.3992

Cited by 30 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Second, we may underestimate the importance of occupation because we did not account for within-household transmission initiated by an occupational exposure. 30 Third, we only included confirmed COVID-19 deaths, conceivably leading to an underestimate of true inequities: some racial and ethnic groups may be more likely to die at home without COVID-19 testing and, therefore, not be counted as a confirmed COVID-19 death. 38 Other research has estimated all-cause excess deaths, 9 , 22 but this was not possible here because of the small number of deaths occurring with strata jointly defined by race and ethnicity, education, occupation, and other covariates.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Occupation and Educational Attainment Characteristics Associated With COVID-19 Mortality by Race and Ethnicity in California

et al. 2022

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Occupation and Educational Attainment Characteristics Associated With COVID-19 Mortality by Race and Ethnicity in California

et al. 2022

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“…Among New York City transit workers who died of COVID-19 early in the pandemic, 57% worked in public-facing positions ( 6 ). Previous reports in Europe identified elevated mortality risk among public transportation workers; taxi and bus drivers were found to have the highest COVID-19 mortality rates among all occupational groups ( 2 , 3 ). This report also identified elevated outbreak incidence and mortality rates among bus and urban transit workers, in addition to elevated risk across all public transit industries combined.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 82%

COVID-19 Outbreaks and Mortality Among Public Transportation Workers — California, January 2020–May 2022

Heinzerling¹,

Vergara²,

Gebreegziabher³

et al. 2022

MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep.

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Work-related factors can contribute to risk for exposure to and infection with SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, and subsequent COVID-19-attributable outcomes, including death. Comparing COVID-19 metrics across industries can help identify workers at highest risk. Elevated COVID-19 mortality rates have been reported among all transportation workers, as well as specifically in public transportation industries (1-3). The California Department of Public Health (CDPH) calculated public transportation industry-specific COVID-19 outbreak incidence during January 2020-May 2022 and analyzed all laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 deaths among working-age adults in California to calculate public transportation industry-specific mortality rates during the same period. Overall, 340 confirmed COVID-19 outbreaks, 5,641 outbreak-associated cases, and 537 COVID-19-associated deaths were identified among California public transportation industries. Outbreak incidence was 5.2 times as high (129.1 outbreaks per 1,000 establishments) in the bus and urban transit industry and 3.6 times as high in the air transportation industry (87.7) as in all California industries combined (24.7). Mortality rates were 2.1 times as high (237.4 deaths per 100,000 workers) in transportation support services and 1.8 times as high (211.5) in the bus and urban transit industry as in all industries combined (114.4). Workers in public transportation industries are at higher risk for COVID-19 workplace outbreaks and mortality than the general worker population in California and should be prioritized for COVID-19 prevention strategies, including vaccination and enhanced workplace protection measures.This report assessed confirmed COVID-19 outbreaks in California workplaces that began during January 1, 2020-May 26, 2022, and were reported to CDPH as of June 27, 2022. Confirmed COVID-19 outbreaks were defined as the occurrence of three or more probable or confirmed COVID-19 cases within a 14-day period among persons who are epidemiologically linked in the setting, are from different households, and are not identified as close contacts of one another in any other case investigation (4). Since January 1, 2021, California employers have been required to report workplace clusters of three or more COVID-19 cases within 14 days to their local health department (LHD); previously, outbreak reporting requirements varied by setting and jurisdiction. LHDs report confirmed COVID-19 outbreaks and the number of outbreak-associated cases, which might include workers and nonworkers, to CDPH.

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“…Several studies have found increased risks of infection and mortality from COVID-19 amongst healthcare workers (5)(6)(7)(8) and those working in public facing transport occupations when compared to non-essential or other workers. Other studies have not found an increased risk (9) or suggest it varies by type of worker and/or stage of the pandemic (10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Occupational differences in SARS-CoV-2 infection: Analysis of the UK ONS Coronavirus (COVID-19) Infection Survey

Rhodes

Pearce

Mueller

et al. 2022

Preprint

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BackgroundConsiderable concern remains about how occupational SARS-CoV-2 risk has evolved during the COVID-19 pandemic. We aimed to ascertain which occupations had the greatest risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection and explore how relative differences varied over the pandemic.MethodsAnalysis of cohort data from the UK Office of National Statistics Coronavirus (COVID-19) Infection Survey from April 2020 to November 2021. This survey is designed to be representative of the UK population and uses regular PCR testing. Cox and multilevel logistic regression to compare SARS-CoV-2 infection between occupational/sector groups, overall and by four time periods with interactions, adjusted for age, sex, ethnicity, deprivation, region, household size, urban/rural neighbourhood and current health conditions.ResultsBased on 3,910,311 observations from 312,304 working age adults, elevated risks of infection can be seen overall for social care (HR 1.14; 95% CI 1.04 to 1.24), education (HR 1.31; 95% CI 1.23 to 1.39), bus and coach drivers (1.43; 95% CI 1.03 to 1.97) and police and protective services (HR 1.45; 95% CI 1.29 to 1.62) when compared to non-essential workers. By time period, relative differences were more pronounced early in the pandemic. For healthcare elevated odds in the early waves switched to a reduction in the later stages. Education saw raises after the initial lockdown and this has persisted. Adjustment for covariates made very little difference to effect estimates.ConclusionsElevated risks among healthcare workers have diminished over time but education workers have had persistently higher risks. Long-term mitigation measures in certain workplaces may be warranted.What is already known on this topicSome occupational groups have observed increased rates of disease and mortality relating to COVID-19.What this study addsRelative differences between occupational groups have varied during different stages of the COVID-19 pandemic with risks for healthcare workers diminishing over time and workers in the education sector seeing persistent elevated risks.How this study might affect research, practice or policyIncreased long term mitigation such as ventilation should be considered in sectors with a persistent elevated risk. It is important for workplace policy to be responsive to evolving pandemic risks.

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COVID-19 mortality across occupations and secondary risks for elderly individuals in the household: A population register-based study

Cited by 30 publications

References 28 publications

Occupation and Educational Attainment Characteristics Associated With COVID-19 Mortality by Race and Ethnicity in California

Occupation and Educational Attainment Characteristics Associated With COVID-19 Mortality by Race and Ethnicity in California

COVID-19 Outbreaks and Mortality Among Public Transportation Workers — California, January 2020–May 2022

Occupational differences in SARS-CoV-2 infection: Analysis of the UK ONS Coronavirus (COVID-19) Infection Survey

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