COVID-19 herd immunity: where are we?

Fontanet, Arnaud; Cauchemez, Simon

doi:10.1038/s41577-020-00451-5

Cited by 511 publications

(508 citation statements)

References 11 publications

(13 reference statements)

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“…64 Here is little evidence to suggest that a precise herd immunity threshold for SARS-CoV-2 might be achieved naturally before at least 50% of the population has become immune. 65 A question that is often noted here is what it would take to achieve a threshold of population immunity. The WHO marked that programmed vaccination as a first step towards achieving vaccine-induced herd immunity and estimates to save up to 3 million lives each year worldwide from infectious diseases that pose significant global health and economic burdens.…”

Section: Herd Immunity (Or Community Immunity)mentioning

confidence: 99%

<p>COVID-19 Pandemic: A Compressive Review on Gender, Herd Immunity, and Physiological Mechanisms</p>

Sisay

Tolessa

2020

RMHP

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Background Researchers and scientists experienced the spread and aid recovery of the COVID-19 pandemic with a condition of great uncertainty. With limited understanding of SARS-CoV-2, current attempts at controlling its spread are focused on the suppressing approach (to reduce a sustained endogenous transmission) and the mitigating approach (to reduce the growth rate of the epidemic). On the one hand, while there has been no firm explanation, many governments have considered immunity passport and herd immunity for paths out of restrictive physical distancing measures imposed to control the spread of SARS-CoV-2 but were not successful. Purpose of Review Herein, we attempted to systematize the lessons and shreds of evidence related to the spectrum of illness, the physiological mechanisms of host susceptibility, herd immunity, immunity passport, gender disparities, and severe challenges and uncertainties posed by the COVID-19 pandemic. We hope that the insights provided in this review will help raise the effectiveness of the treatment policies and preventive measures required to end the pandemic. Recent Findings The use of immunity passports is suggested to certify an individual at low risk of acquiring or transmitting SARS-CoV-2. But, an individual might nevertheless carry the virus at similar levels and for a similar duration to those previously uninfected, with an unchanged potential for transmission. Vaccine-induced herd immunity is a complex issue inherent to a vaccine and the population receiving the vaccine. The central epidemiological questions about are as follows: what proportion of the population should be vaccinated to meet elimination (in a local program), eradication (in a global program) or a defined level of control? How is this affected by demographic factors (such as gender)? What is the best age at which to immunize? Besides, although age-dependent mortality risk is estimated to be higher for men and older people, such interpretation across gender, age groups, and countries, however, must be accepted with caution at present. Summary COVID-19 has taught us that health is the basis of global wealth and international solidarity is an essential response and a superior approach to isolationism. Hence, we must be clear about what the alternatives are when evaluating the merits of different ways of tackling this pandemic both in the short term as well as in the long term.

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Section: Herd Immunity (Or Community Immunity)mentioning

confidence: 99%

<p>COVID-19 Pandemic: A Compressive Review on Gender, Herd Immunity, and Physiological Mechanisms</p>

Sisay

Tolessa

2020

RMHP

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“…Second, samples collected at baseline and after vaccination must be used to determine correlates of protection; correlates may vary based on the vaccine type, but will nonetheless be useful in reducing the time to optimization or in the development of improved vaccines (Plotkin, 2020). Third, the work of randomized clinical trials is clearly important in establishing safety and efficacy, but effectiveness trials and real world evidence will be critical in understanding how best to deploy the vaccines and in determination of "herd immunity" (Fontanet and Cauchemez, 2020). It is possible that different vaccines with similar efficacy may have differential herd protection related to the nature of immune responses induced by the specific vaccine.…”

Section: Unanswered Questionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

SARS-CoV-2 vaccine development, access, and equity

Kim

2020

Journal of Experimental Medicine

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Over the past 9 mo, with 34 million infections and 1 million deaths, the COVID-19 pandemic has levied a grisly toll. Some countries, through political will and social organization, have successfully reduced the number of infections and deaths, but the global scale of loss reflects the difficulty of translating these approaches in other countries. An effective SARS-CoV-2 vaccine presents a technological solution to the failure of social and political ones. Vaccines are, however, not a silver bullet, but a safe, cost-effective, and globally applicable tool that will require a substantial effort—cooperation, commitment, time, and funding—to be effective.

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“…As told in Bhubaneswar minimum 80-90% people to vaccine to achieve herd immunity but it is a dream when the vaccine shall launch so that a patient in a population spawns <1 2ndry case on average Fontanet A. [49].…”

Section: Herd Immunitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Micro Level Search for COVID-19, Bhubaneswar: Odisha, India

Mishra

Sethi

2020

CJAST

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Outlines: Severe acute respiratory syndrome; coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is an emerging virus from 16th Dec 2019, has created virulent pandemic situation over 217 major countries and territories including USA, India, and Brazil etc. There are multiple pharmaceuticals available for treatment. Although no vaccine yet available in the world but few Indian and Russian vaccine results are promising. The treatment procedure is compelling for lock downs and confinements. The COVID-19 is still on the trot from March 24th, 2020 in India so also Odisha and its capital Bhubaneswar killing 87 people and suffering 33454 people and accompanied by ill health, job losses, domestic violence, poverty, food scarcity and loss of mobility. Scope: To manage the pandemic need good governance, leadership and health-care upgrading, public private partnership, public awareness, risk communication with improvising continuous supply of foods, goods, service systems. Many dynamic epidemic models i.e. SIR and SIS and SEIR and SEIRS are suggested, but the Ganjam practical field model has been observed successful in Odisha like Kerala, Bhilwara (Rajasthan) and Dharabi (Mumbai) models are popular in India. However the present focused areas is Bhubaneswar Municipal Corporation which is worst affected hotspot areas for COVID19 in Odisha. Methodology: The search envisages collection of data of Ganjam, Bhubaneswar, Odisha and India day wise and analyzing the data statistically. The work includes preparing the adoptive model for Ganjam district and age wise. The age group and gender wise analysis of the COVID19 data of Bhubaneswar has been done along with finding the peaks of the outbreak curve in Odisha and the districts. Results: The micro level investigation revealed that male female confirmed case has a ratio of 67%:33%. The number cases is observed higher from age group is 15 to 41 years. Still the virus has proved causing more mortality to age group >60 in Odisha including Bhubaneswar. The children and women are the least prey to COVID19. The ACE 2 receptors are responsible for infection from SARSCoV2 virus. Ganjam model is one among the successful model to combat against COVID19 for the people of Odisha.

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COVID-19 herd immunity: where are we?

Cited by 511 publications

References 11 publications

<p>COVID-19 Pandemic: A Compressive Review on Gender, Herd Immunity, and Physiological Mechanisms</p>

<p>COVID-19 Pandemic: A Compressive Review on Gender, Herd Immunity, and Physiological Mechanisms</p>

SARS-CoV-2 vaccine development, access, and equity

Micro Level Search for COVID-19, Bhubaneswar: Odisha, India

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