<p>COVID-19 Pandemic: A Compressive Review on Gender, Herd Immunity, and Physiological Mechanisms</p>

Abstract

Background Researchers and scientists experienced the spread and aid recovery of the COVID-19 pandemic with a condition of great uncertainty. With limited understanding of SARS-CoV-2, current attempts at controlling its spread are focused on the suppressing approach (to reduce a sustained endogenous transmission) and the mitigating approach (to reduce the growth rate of the epidemic). On the one hand, while there has been no firm explanation, many governments have considered immunity passport and herd immunity for paths out of restrictive physical distancing measures imposed to control the spread of SARS-CoV-2 but were not successful. Purpose of Review Herein, we attempted to systematize the lessons and shreds of evidence related to the spectrum of illness, the physiological mechanisms of host susceptibility, herd immunity, immunity passport, gender disparities, and severe challenges and uncertainties posed by the COVID-19 pandemic. We hope that the insights provided in this review will help raise the effectiveness of the treatment policies and preventive measures required to end the pandemic. Recent Findings The use of immunity passports is suggested to certify an individual at low risk of acquiring or transmitting SARS-CoV-2. But, an individual might nevertheless carry the virus at similar levels and for a similar duration to those previously uninfected, with an unchanged potential for transmission. Vaccine-induced herd immunity is a complex issue inherent to a vaccine and the population receiving the vaccine. The central epidemiological questions about are as follows: what proportion of the population should be vaccinated to meet elimination (in a local program), eradication (in a global program) or a defined level of control? How is this affected by demographic factors (such as gender)? What is the best age at which to immunize? Besides, although age-dependent mortality risk is estimated to be higher for men and older people, such interpretation across gender, age groups, and countries, however, must be accepted with caution at present. Summary COVID-19 has taught us that health is the basis of global wealth and international solidarity is an essential response and a superior approach to isolationism. Hence, we must be clear about what the alternatives are when evaluating the merits of different ways of tackling this pandemic both in the short term as well as in the long term.

Factors Associated With Parental Acceptance of COVID-19 Vaccination: A Multicenter Pediatric Emergency Department Cross-Sectional Analysis

“…2,3 Yet, vaccine hesitancy hampered this public health goal. [4][5][6] Prior to its release, the COVID-19 vaccine acceptance in the general population ranged from 56% to 75%. [7][8][9][10][11] These data were disappointingly prescient; as of October 2021, only 56% of the US population had been fully vaccinated against COVID-19.…”

Viral RNA in City Wastewater as a Key Indicator of COVID-19 Recrudescence and Containment Measures Effectiveness

“…Therefore, although this measurement may have had an effect in our country on the rate of reduction or elsewhere on peak height, it was not the cause. Furthermore, given the very low level of seroprevalence, for which it is inconceivable that this reduction is the effect of herd immunity (Sisay and Tolessa, 2020), there are clearly other factors to be investigated. In 2002, the SARS-CoV-2 epidemic began and lasted about a year and a half, infecting at least 8,000 people and killing 10% of them (Davis, 2020).…”

Covid-19 Travel Certificates: Balancing the Freedom of Movement and Protection of Public Health

“…Every passenger, wanting to enter the country, will be required to present a negative COVID-19 test result and this obligation will apply also to fully vaccinated and immunised travellers. 76 France imposed an obligation of providing a travel document additional to the proof of vaccination. Namely, a sworn declaration stating that you have no symptoms of COVID-19 and that, to your knowledge, you have not been in contact with a confirmed case of COVID-19 in the 14 days prior to your journey.…”