COVID-19 faecal-oral transmission: Are we asking the right questions?

Heller, Léo; Mota, César R.; Greco, Dirceu Bartolomeu

doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138919

Cited by 218 publications

(220 citation statements)

References 12 publications

(13 reference statements)

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“…2 However, emerging evidence highlights the presence of detectable virus particles in wastewater, and feces of infected cases COVID-19. [3][4][5] This led to calls to evaluate the possibility of fecal-oral transmission in countries without safely managed sanitation [6][7][8] and initiatives to assess wastewater for environmental surveillance to detect ongoing transmission. 9 In India's context, where more than 74 million are homeless or live in slums, controlling this infectious disease requires targeted policies to provide access to sanitation facilities, soap, and water in addition to social distancing.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sanitation Practices during Early Phases of COVID-19 Lockdown in Peri-Urban Communities in Tamil Nadu, India

Ashraf

Kuang

Das

et al. 2020

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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In countries without adequate access to improved sanitation, government-imposed restrictions during the COVID-19 pandemic can impact toilet usage. In India, where millions have recently transitioned to using a toilet, pandemic-related barriers to use might increase open defecation practices. We assessed changes in reported defecation practices in peri-urban communities in Tamil Nadu. Field assistants conducted phone surveys in 26 communities in two districts from May 20, 2020 to May 25, 2020. They asked respondents about their access to a toilet, whether they or a family member left their house to defecate in the past week, and whether specific practices had changed since the lockdown. Among 2,044 respondents, 60% had access to a private toilet, 11% to a public or community toilet, whereas 29% lacked access to any toilet facility. In our study, 92% of the respondents did not change their defecation behaviors in the 2 months following the pandemic-related lockdown. About a third (27%) reported that they or a family member left their house daily to defecate amid lockdown measures. A majority of those with private toilets (91%) or with public toilets (69%) continued using them. Respondents with private toilet access were more likely to report an increased frequency of handwashing with soap (prevalence ratio [PR]: 1.78, 95% CI: 1.04-3.05) since the lockdown. The lack of private toilets contributes to the need to leave the house amid a lockdown. Maintaining shared toilets require disinfection protocols and behavioral precautions to limit the risk of fomite transmission. Robust urban COVID-19 control strategies should include enhanced sanitation facility management and safe usage messaging.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sanitation Practices during Early Phases of COVID-19 Lockdown in Peri-Urban Communities in Tamil Nadu, India

Ashraf

Kuang

Das

et al. 2020

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Section: Covid-19 and Watermentioning

confidence: 99%

Unprecedented environmental and energy impacts and challenges of COVID-19 pandemic

Siddique

Shahzad

Lawler

et al. 2021

Environmental Research

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The rapid transmission tendency, severity, and wide geographical spread of newly emerged novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) in different environmental matrices, including water, air, and soil, has posed severe health, environmental, energy, and economic challenges worldwide. Despite the severe health effects, unprecedented improvements in air quality in many countries due to emergency measures, and public behavior changes have been reported. SARS-CoV-2 has been detected in air and sewage samples in several studies across the globe. The use of wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) could be a valuable method to monitor the outbreak of COVID-19, which requires fast and reliable methods for virus detection in sewage. However, water treatment companies face many pressures due to potential for aerosolization, PPE shortages, and changed usage patterns. In addition, the unprecedented impact of the COVID-19 outbreak on the worldwide economy especially the energy sector, and its impact on our ecosystem required instant responses. This article discusses the recent developments and challenges faced in water, air, and energy resources, including renewables and non-renewables as the significant and interrelated components of the ecosystem. Furthermore, some recommendations have been directed, which may serve as a guideline to the scientists, legislators, and other stakeholders. A future roadmap has been proposed to overcome the tragic effects of COVID-19 and developing a sustainable environmental system to minimize the impact of such infectious outbreaks in the future.

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“…Although this disease has not been proven to be able to spread through other means besides droplets, the possibility of spread through other body parts still needs to be watched out for. In an article that illustrates the possibility of transmission through fecal oral (40). The most possible path in fecal-oral transmission is when feces enter water sources directly such as rivers.…”

Section: Waste Managementmentioning

confidence: 99%

Literature Review: Healthy Home as The New Normal for Covid19 Prevention

Ramadhani

2020

JKL

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Introduction: The SARS-CoV-2 virus has 2 pathways of spread which are direct (through droplets) and indirect (through the surface of objects affected by droplets or through air). Therefore, social distancing by staying in home is one of the key to prevent the spread of Covid19. However, the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 is increasingly common in family level. The risk of family members getting infected is higher because they begin to move outside the house during new normal. Accordingly, a good home environment is needed to improve its residents’ health. This study aims to determine the benefits of implementing healthy home as the new normal in preventing the spread of Covid19 at family level. Discussion: This study was a literature review using literature research as the data source. The literature used were in the form of research journals and articles on Covid19 and healthy home. The data used were research studies conducted from January 2016 to June 2020. There was 9 articles, about benefit healthy home on SARS-CoV-2 transmission, that selected in this study. Healthy home was the idea of homes that have fulfilled the health standards with adequate sanitation. Healthy home was purposively built to make the residents feel comfortable and stay healthy at all times. The components of healthy home were: good ventilation; natural lighting of the house; occupancy density; residents’ behavior; and waste management. Conclusion: The application of healthy home principle had many benefits for its residents and was closely related to Covid19 prevention.

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COVID-19 faecal-oral transmission: Are we asking the right questions?

Cited by 218 publications

References 12 publications

Sanitation Practices during Early Phases of COVID-19 Lockdown in Peri-Urban Communities in Tamil Nadu, India

Sanitation Practices during Early Phases of COVID-19 Lockdown in Peri-Urban Communities in Tamil Nadu, India

Unprecedented environmental and energy impacts and challenges of COVID-19 pandemic

Literature Review: Healthy Home as The New Normal for Covid19 Prevention

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