COVID-19: animals, veterinary and zoonotic links

Tiwari, Ruchi; Dhama, Kuldeep; Sharun, Khan; Yatoo, Mohd Iqbal; Malik, Yashpal Singh; Singh, Rajendra; Michalak, Izabela; Sah, Ranjit; Bonilla-Aldana, D. Katterine; Rodríguez-Morales, Alfonso J.

doi:10.1080/01652176.2020.1766725

Cited by 246 publications

(266 citation statements)

References 117 publications

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“…It has been reported that pangolins ( Lam et al, 2020b ; Lopes et al, 2020 ; Wahba et al, 2020 ; Xiao et al, 2020c ; Zhang et al, 2020b ) and snakes ( Ji et al, 2020 ) might be the intermediate hosts of SARS-CoV-2. However, the possibility of snakes as intermediate hosts of SARS-CoV-2 was questioned by the scientific community ( Zhang et al, 2020b ), and the existing evidence was not sufficient to either confirm or rule out the role of pangolins as an intermediate host ( Tiwari et al, 2020 ; Wahba et al, 2020 ). In other words, it is still not clear which animal is the intermediate hosts that brings SARS-CoV-2 to human hosts.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Bats and birds are natural reservoirs for providing coronavirus and influenza virus genes during the evolution of new virus species and viruses for interspecies transmission ( Chan et al, 2013 ). As described in the latest review ( Tiwari et al, 2020 ), many coronaviruses have bats, birds, or pigs as the primary host, in addition to infecting animals such as civets, pangolins, and camels, coronaviruses also could be harbored by a range of animal species, such as fish, snake, cattle, horse, dog, cat, rabbit, rodent, ferret, minks, frog, marmot, and hedgehog. Moreover, Damas et al (2020) had greatly expanded the potential number of intermediate hosts that might be infected by SARS-CoV-2 through ACE2 receptors by protein structural analysis, which means that plenty of wild animals might be novel SARS-CoV-2 hosts.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Pit latrines may be a potential risk in rural China and low-income countries when dealing with COVID-19

Liu

Hou

et al. 2021

Science of The Total Environment

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According to the latest reports, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which caused coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), was successfully isolated from the excreta (stool and urine) of COVID-19 patients, suggesting SARS-CoV-2 could be transmitted through excreta contaminated water. As pit latrines and the use of untreated excreta as fertilizer were common in rural China, we surveyed 27 villages of Jiangxi and Hubei provinces and found that pit latrines could be a potential source of SARS-CoV-2 water pollution. Recently, bats have been widely recognized as the source of SARS-CoV-2. There were many possible intermediate hosts of SARS-CoV-2, including pangolin, snake, bird and fish, but which one was still not clear exactly. Here, we proposed a hypothesis to illustrate the mechanism that SARS-CoV-2 might spread from the excreta of infected humans in pit latrines to potential animal hosts, thus becoming a sustainable source of infection in rural China. Therefore, we believe that abolishing pit latrines and banning the use of untreated excreta as fertilizer can improve the local living environment and effectively prevent COVID-19 and other potential waterborne diseases that could emanate from the excreta of infected persons. Although this study focused on rural areas in China, the results could also be applied to low-income countries, especially in Africa.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pit latrines may be a potential risk in rural China and low-income countries when dealing with COVID-19

Liu

Hou

et al. 2021

Science of The Total Environment

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“…The largest difference is between phylogenic positions of IL-6 and ACE2 gene promoters for pigs and guinea pigs. Whereas in the IL-6 promoter phylogeny, the pig sisters to those of the alpaca and horse, within the Carnivore clade that contains most of the validated CoV2(+) species in addition to the primate clade, porcine ACE2 gene promoter was next to the ruminant clade that has no CoV2(+) species identified so far [20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29]. Guinea pig as a rodent species has its IL-6 promoter surprisingly within the primate clade, but its ACE2 promoter appears more primitive and shares the clade with the frog.…”

Section: Overall Comparison Of Phylogenic Topologies Between Il-6 Andmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, the potential infection of SARS-CoV2 in both wild and domestic animals raises a big public health concern after the COVID-19 prevalence in human society [20,21]. This concern emphasizes: (1) the identification of reservoir animal species that originally passing SARS-CoV2 to humans; and (2) potential risks of infected people passing the virus to animals, particularly domestic species, to form an amplifying zoonotic cycle and exacerbate SARS-CoV2 evolution and cross-species transmission [20,21]. Recent studies provided evidence that domestic cats and dogs could be virally or serologically positive for SARS-CoV2 [22][23][24][25][26][27][28], as were several Bronx zoo tigers [29].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epigenetic Evolution of ACE2 and IL-6 Genes as Non-Canonical Interferon-Stimulated Genes Correlate to COVID-19 Susceptibility in Vertebrates

Sang

Tian

Miller

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Current novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has spread globally within a matter of months. The virus establishes a success in balancing its deadliness and contagiousness, and causes substantial differences in susceptibility and disease progression in people of different ages, genders and pre-existing comorbidities. Since these host factors are subjected to epigenetic regulation, relevant analyses on some key genes underlying COVID-19 pathogenesis were performed to longitudinally decipher their epigenetic correlation to COVID-19 susceptibility. The genes of host angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2, as the major virus receptor) and interleukin (IL)-6 (a key immune-pathological factor triggering cytokine storm) were shown to evince active epigenetic evolution via histone modification and cis/trans-factors interaction across different vertebrate species. Extensive analyses revealed that ACE2 ad IL-6 genes are among a subset of non-canonical interferon-stimulated genes (non-ISGs), which have been designated recently for their unconventional responses to interferons (IFNs) and inflammatory stimuli through an epigenetic cascade. Furthermore, significantly higher positive histone modification markers and position weight matrix (PWM) scores of key cis-elements corresponding to inflammatory and IFN signaling, were discovered in both ACE2 and IL6 gene promoters across representative COVID-19-susceptible species compared to unsusceptible ones. Findings characterize ACE2 and IL-6 genes as non-ISGs that respond differently to inflammatory and IFN signaling from the canonical ISGs and their epigenetic properties may serve as biomarkers to longitudinally predict COVID-19 susceptibility in vertebrates and partially explain COVID-19 inequality in people of different subgroups.

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“…Of note, SARS-CoV-2 is 96.2–96.3% identical with bat coronavirus RaTG13 from bats in Yunnan province at the whole-genome level ( Paraskevis et al, 2020 ; Zhou et al, 2020 ), providing its probable origin from bats. Interestingly, previous findings suggested that snake and turtles could be the potential expanded hosts of SARS-CoV-2 ( Liu et al, 2020b ; Tiwari et al, 2020 ). More recently, a study by Zhang et al showed that pangolin-CoV was 91.02 and 90.55% identical to SARS-CoV-2 and bat-CoV RaTG13 throughout the genome, respectively, which indicated that pangolin was the natural host of SARS-CoV-2 ( Zhang T. et al, 2020 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Research Progress of Genetic Structure, Pathogenic Mechanism, Clinical Characteristics, and Potential Treatments of Coronavirus Disease 2019

et al. 2020

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Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a global pandemic infectious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), and currently affects more than 8 million people worldwide. SARS-CoV-2 mainly invades the cells by binding to the angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor, leading to the injury of respiratory system, cardiovascular system, digestive system, and urinary system, and even secondary to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and systemic inflammatory response, resulting in multiple organ failure. In this review, mainly focusing on biogenesis and pathogenic mechanisms, we describe the recent progress in our understanding of SARS-CoV-2 and then summarize and discuss its crucial clinical characteristics and potential mechanism in different systems. Additionally, we discuss the potential treatments for COVID-19, aiming at a better understanding of the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 and providing new ideas for the personalized treatment of COVID-19.

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COVID-19: animals, veterinary and zoonotic links

Cited by 246 publications

References 117 publications

Pit latrines may be a potential risk in rural China and low-income countries when dealing with COVID-19

Pit latrines may be a potential risk in rural China and low-income countries when dealing with COVID-19

Epigenetic Evolution of ACE2 and IL-6 Genes as Non-Canonical Interferon-Stimulated Genes Correlate to COVID-19 Susceptibility in Vertebrates

Research Progress of Genetic Structure, Pathogenic Mechanism, Clinical Characteristics, and Potential Treatments of Coronavirus Disease 2019

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