COVID-19 and Informal Settlements - Implications for Water, Sanitation and Health in India and Indonesia

Parikh, Priti; Karim, Yasmin Bou; Paulose, Jacob; Factor-Litvak, Professor Pam; Nix, Emily; Aisyah, Dewi Nur; Chaturvedi, Hemant; Manikam, Logan; Lakhanpaul, Professor Monica

doi:10.14324/111.444/000036.v2

Cited by 3 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 7 publications

(9 reference statements)

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“…The availability as well as accessibility of the households to the basic services and amenities largely affects the transmission [ [27] , [28] , [29] ]. Recently the outbreak covid-19 has become significant global threats [ [15] , [16] , [17] ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thus higher concentrations of slum population increase the risk of health hazards in urban areas [ [32] , [33] , [34] , [35] ]. In recent studies, it was also well documented that the urban slums are more vulnerable to COVID-19 transmission [ 6 , [15] , [16] , [17] , 27 ]. (ii) Indicators related to maintenance of social distance: Maintenance of social distance is considered as one of the key factors in controlling infectious diseases as well as COVID-19 transmission [ [36] , [37] , [38] , [39] , [40] ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recently UN-Habitat [ 1 ]; published a report stating that the cities of global (add something) are the most vulnerable due to rapid urbanization as well as large concentrations of slum population. Recently, it was well documented that the areas (like slums) with high population are more vulnerable to COVID-19 transmission [ 6 , [15] , [16] , [17] , [27] , [28] , [29] , [30] ]. Even after a quick review of the previous works of literature, few research gaps were identified that inspired us to conduct this study over slum vulnerability in India.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Habitat vulnerability in slum areas of India – What we learnt from COVID-19?

Das

Giri

Sarkar

et al. 2021

International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction

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UN-Habitat identified the present COVID-19 pandemic as ‘city-centric’. In India, more than 50% of the total cases were documented in megacities and million-plus cities. The slums of cities are the most vulnerable due to its unhygienic environment and high population density that requires an urgent implementation of public healthcare measures. This study aims to examine habitat vulnerability in slum areas to COVID-19 in India using principal component analysis and Fuzzy AHP based technique to develop slum vulnerability index to COVID-19 (SVI covid-19 ). Four slum vulnerability groups (i.e. principal components) were retained with eigen-values greater than 1 based on Kaiser criterion - poor slum household status; lack of social distance maintenance; high concentrations of slum population and towns and mobility of the households. This study also mapped composite SVI covid-19 on the basis of PCA and Fuzzy AHP method at the state level for a better understanding of spatial variations. The result shows that slums located in the eastern and central parts of India (particularly Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand, Odisha, West Bengal) were more vulnerable to COVID-19 transmission due to lack of availability as well as accessibility to the basic services and amenities to slum dwellers. Thus, the findings of the study may not only help to understand the habitat vulnerability in slum areas to COVID-19 but it will also teach a lesson to implement effective policies for enhancing the quality of slum households (HHs) and to reduce the health risk from any infectious disease in future.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Habitat vulnerability in slum areas of India – What we learnt from COVID-19?

Das

Giri

Sarkar

et al. 2021

International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction

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“…Mostly, SARS-CoV-2 detection in wastewater had been assessed in high-resource settings. In lower-resource settings, as sub-Saharan Africa, Indonesia and India, a significant part of the population is not connected to sewers and uses pit toilets, septic tanks or still practices open defecation [ 29 , 76 , 77 , 78 , 79 ]. Waterways are also used as open sewers and the discharge of untreated wastewater into the environment is an usual practice [ 77 , 78 ].…”

Section: Sars-cov-2 Rna Detection In Surface Watermentioning

confidence: 99%

Wastewater-Based Epidemiology (WBE) and Viral Detection in Polluted Surface Water: A Valuable Tool for COVID-19 Surveillance—A Brief Review

Oliveira

Campos²,

Matos

et al. 2020

IJERPH

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SARS-CoV-2 is the causative agent of the current COVID-19 pandemic. Disease clinical manifestations range from asymptomatic to severe multiple organ damage. SARS-CoV-2 uses ACE2 as a cellular receptor, which is abundantly expressed in the small intestine, allowing viral replication in the gastrointestinal tract. Viral RNA has been detected in the stool of COVID-19 patients and viable viruses had been isolated in some of these samples. Thus, a putative role of SARS-CoV-2 fecal-oral transmission has been argued. SARS-CoV-2 is shed in human excreta and further disposed in the sewerage or in the environment, in poor basic sanitation settings. Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) is a valuable population level approach for monitoring viral pathogens and has been successfully used in different contexts. This review summarizes the current global experience on SARS-CoV-2 WBE in distinct continents and viral detection in polluted surface water. The advantages and concerns of this strategy for SARS-CoV-2 surveillance are discussed. Outcomes suggest that WBE is a valuable early warning alert and a helpful complementary surveillance tool to subside public health response, to tailor containment and mitigation measures and to determine target populations for testing. In poor sanitation settings, contaminated rivers could be alternatively used as a source for environmental surveillance.

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“…remain in overcrowded housing conditions that heighten the risk of COVID-19 transmission. 17 The winter months further decrease opportunities for physical distancing in outdoor settings to minimise risk of COVID-19 transmission. Additionally, as critical energy infrastructure has been destroyed in major towns and cities in Nagorno-Karabakh, those who are able to return to their homes must rely on solid fuel burning stoves and heaters, affecting indoor air quality which is associated with respiratory and other illnesses.…”

Section: Editorialmentioning

confidence: 99%