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Fluorine (F -) is a chemically reactive electronegative univalent gaseous halogen found in small amount in the water, air, plants and animals. Fluorine is essential for the maintenance and solidification of our bones and to prevent dental decay. It has beneficial effects on teeth and bones when it is present at low concentration in drinking water, but excessive exposure to fluoride in drinking-water, or in combination with exposure to fluoride from other sources, can give rise to a number of adverse effects which include teeth decay, osteoporosis and harm to kidney, bones, reproductive organs, nerve and muscle. Fluoride, when in excess, is known to interfere with thyroid gland function causing TSH elevation and lessen T3/T4 hormones in some populations which may be due to its antagonistic properties towards iodine. As an endocrine disruptor, Finduces more toxic outcome in diabetic patients. Chronic Fexposure through drinking water may leads to insulin resistance in humans in addition to its hyperglycemic effect due to increased hepatic glycogenolysis. Fluoride also hinders glycolysis by inhibiting enolase enzyme and repressing insulin secretion from islets of Langerhans cells resulting in elevation of blood glucose level. High Fexposure is also associated with increased levels of FSH and LH, decreased estrogen and testosterone levels, disturbed androgen to estrogen ratios (A/E) and estrogen receptor to androgen receptor ratios (ER/AR). Decreased circulating testosterone concentrations were also reported in male skeletal fluorosis patients. The most significant consequences of fluoride exposures in male reproduction are: changes in the structure and functional activities of spermatozoa and disruption of spermatogenesis while in an experimental data involving female rats showed that high fluoride concentration lowers the pregnancy rate and the number of implantation. Most interestingly, recent research showed that exposure to high concentration of Fdoes have deleterious effect on the mental ability of children. A strong association between exposure to fluoride and low IQ was found and it was also noted that children who live in fluorosis prevalent areas have higher chances of developing a low IQ than those who live in normal areas. So it is clear that the severity of the above pathological conditions is dependent on the dose, duration and age of the individual. Therefore, to ensure whether people need any fluoride supplements or not, government should have to take initiative to prevent health problems due to deficiency or excess fluoride exposure. Evidence-wise further thorough research is essential based on scientific facts to enlighten best practices in the use of fluoride containing materials for the safety and security of public health.

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Pio suppresses the proliferation of MCF7 cells, at least partly by a PPAR-γ-independent mechanism involving the induction of p21 which in turn requires sustained activation of MAPK. These findings implicate the utility of Pio in the treatment of PPAR positive or negative human cancers and the development of a new class of compounds to enhance the effectiveness of Pio.

SARS-CoV-2 is an RNA virus that was identified for the first time in December 2019 in Wuhan, China. The World Health Organization (WHO) labeled the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak a worldwide pandemic on March 11, 2020, due to its widespread infectivity pattern. Because of the catastrophic COVID-19 outbreak, the development of safe and efficient vaccinations has become a key priority in every health sector throughout the globe. On the 13th of January 2021, the vaccination campaign against SARS-CoV-2 was launched in India and started the administration of two types of vaccines known as Covaxin and Covishield. Covishield is an adenovirus vector-based vaccine, and Covaxin was developed by a traditional method of vaccine formulation, which is composed of adjuvanted inactivated viral particles. Each vaccine’s utility or efficiency is determined by its formulation, adjuvants, and mode of action. The efficacy of the vaccination depends on numeral properties like generation antibodies, memory cells, and cell-mediated immunity. According to the third-phase experiment, Covishield showed effectiveness of nearly 90%, whereas Covaxin has an effectiveness of about 80%. Both vaccination formulations in India have so far demonstrated satisfactory efficacy against numerous mutant variants of SARS-CoV-2. The efficacy of Covishield may be diminished if the structure of spike (S) protein changes dramatically in the future. In this situation, Covaxin might be still effective for such variants owing to its ability to produce multiple antibodies against various epitopes. This study reviews the comparative immunogenic and therapeutic efficacy of Covaxin and Covishield and also discussed the probable vaccination challenges in upcoming days.