COVID-19 and Influenza Coinfection Outcomes among Hospitalized Patients in the United States: A Propensity Matched Analysis of National Inpatient Sample

Garg, Ishan; Gangu, Karthik; Shuja, Hina; Agahi, Alireza; Sharma, Harsh; Bobba, Aniesh; Nasrullah, Adeel; Chourasia, Prabal; Pal, Suman; Sheikh, Abu Baker; Shekhar, Rahul

doi:10.3390/vaccines10122159

Cited by 12 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 68 publications

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“…The total number of co-infected patients across studies ranged from 1 to 4051. This review was composed of 29 case reports [ 19 – 47 ], 15 case series [ 48 – 62 ], 14 cohort studies [ 63 – 76 ], three cross-sectional studies [ 77 – 79 ], and three case–control studies [ 80 – 82 ]. Study characteristics are listed in Table 1 .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Rates of poor outcomes (deterioration/death) were notably high, at 15.7%. In the study with the largest number of patients (4501), there was a total of 706 deaths reported (15.7%) [ 80 ]; the pooled death rate, when excluding the data from this study, was 15.9%. Stowe et al [ 72 ] reported that co-infected patients were 2.27 times more likely to die in comparison with individuals infected with COVID-19 alone (95% CI, 1.23 to 4.19).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A systematic review of the clinical characteristics of influenza-COVID-19 co-infection

et al. 2023

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COVID-19 has impacted populations across the globe and has been a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Influenza is another potentially deadly respiratory infection that affects people worldwide. While both of these infections pose major health threats, little is currently understood regarding the clinical aspects of influenza and COVID-19 co-infection. Our objective was to therefore provide a systematic review of the clinical characteristics, treatments, and outcomes for patients who are co-infected with influenza and COVID-19. Our review, which was conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, involved searching for literature in seven different databases. Studies were eligible for inclusion if they included at least one co-infected patient, were available in English, and described clinical characteristics for the patients. Data were pooled after extraction. Study quality was assessed using the Joanna Brigg’s Institute Checklists. Searches produced a total of 5096 studies, and of those, 64 were eligible for inclusion. A total of 6086 co-infected patients were included, 54.1% of whom were male; the mean age of patients was 55.9 years (SD = 12.3). 73.6% of cases were of influenza A and 25.1% were influenza B. 15.7% of co-infected patients had a poor outcome (death/deterioration). The most common symptoms were fever, cough, and dyspnea, with the most frequent complications being pneumonia, linear atelectasis, and acute respiratory distress syndrome. Oseltamivir, supplemental oxygen, arbidol, and vasopressors were the most common treatments provided to patients. Having comorbidities, and being unvaccinated for influenza, were shown to be important risk factors. Co-infected patients show symptoms that are similar to those who are infected with COVID-19 or influenza only. However, co-infected patients have been shown to be at an elevated risk for poor outcomes compared to mono-infected COVID-19 patients. Screening for influenza in high-risk COVID-19 patients is recommended. There is also a clear need to improve patient outcomes with more effective treatment regimens, better testing, and higher rates of vaccination.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A systematic review of the clinical characteristics of influenza-COVID-19 co-infection

et al. 2023

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“…Studies suggest that co-infection can increase the severity of symptoms of both diseases. COVID-19 patients with influenza co-infection had higher mean hospitalization costs and total lengths of stay, higher odds of needing mechanical ventilation, and higher in-hospital mortality relative to the COVID-positive and influenza-negative cohort [ 62 ]. However, a protective effect of co-infection with the influenza virus was indicated in patients with COVID-19 in an investigation [ 63 ].…”

Section: Etiological Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Comparison of Etiology, Pathogenesis, Vaccinal and Antiviral Drug Development between Influenza and COVID-19

Luo

Zhang

Song

et al. 2023

IJMS

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Influenza virus and coronavirus, two kinds of pathogens that exist widely in nature, are common emerging pathogens that cause respiratory tract infections in humans. In December 2019, a novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 emerged, causing a severe respiratory infection named COVID-19 in humans, and raising a global pandemic which has persisted in the world for almost three years. Influenza virus, a seasonally circulating respiratory pathogen, has caused four global pandemics in humans since 1918 by the emergence of novel variants. Studies have shown that there are certain similarities in transmission mode and pathogenesis between influenza and COVID-19, and vaccination and antiviral drugs are considered to have positive roles as well as several limitations in the prevention and control of both diseases. Comparative understandings would be helpful to the prevention and control of these diseases. Here, we review the study progress in the etiology, pathogenesis, vaccine and antiviral drug development for the two diseases.

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“…Currently, there is a large amount of clinical evidence indicating that co-infection with COVID-19 and influenza increases the risk of patient mortality and prolongs hospitalization ( Dadashi et al., 2021 ; Garg et al., 2022 ; Cong et al., 2022 ; Fahim et al., 2022 ; Musuuza et al., 2021 ). In patients with co-infections, the risk of death is around twice as high as in those with COVID-19 infection alone ( Stowe et al., 2021 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influenza and COVID-19 co-infection and vaccine effectiveness against severe cases: a mathematical modeling study

Liang,

Wang,

Lin

et al. 2024

Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol.

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BackgroundInfluenza A virus have a distinctive ability to exacerbate SARS-CoV-2 infection proven by in vitro studies. Furthermore, clinical evidence suggests that co-infection with COVID-19 and influenza not only increases mortality but also prolongs the hospitalization of patients. COVID-19 is in a small-scale recurrent epidemic, increasing the likelihood of co-epidemic with seasonal influenza. The impact of co-infection with influenza virus and SARS-CoV-2 on the population remains unstudied.MethodHere, we developed an age-specific compartmental model to simulate the co-circulation of COVID-19 and influenza and estimate the number of co-infected patients under different scenarios of prevalent virus type and vaccine coverage. To decrease the risk of the population developing severity, we investigated the minimum coverage required for the COVID-19 vaccine in conjunction with the influenza vaccine, particularly during co-epidemic seasons.ResultCompared to the single epidemic, the transmission of the SARS-CoV-2 exhibits a lower trend and a delayed peak when co-epidemic with influenza. Number of co-infection cases is higher when SARS-CoV-2 co-epidemic with Influenza A virus than that with Influenza B virus. The number of co-infected cases increases as SARS-CoV-2 becomes more transmissible. As the proportion of individuals vaccinated with the COVID-19 vaccine and influenza vaccines increases, the peak number of co-infected severe illnesses and the number of severe illness cases decreases and the peak time is delayed, especially for those >60 years old.ConclusionTo minimize the number of severe illnesses arising from co-infection of influenza and COVID-19, in conjunction vaccinations in the population are important, especially priority for the elderly.

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COVID-19 and Influenza Coinfection Outcomes among Hospitalized Patients in the United States: A Propensity Matched Analysis of National Inpatient Sample

Cited by 12 publications

References 68 publications

A systematic review of the clinical characteristics of influenza-COVID-19 co-infection

A systematic review of the clinical characteristics of influenza-COVID-19 co-infection

A Comparison of Etiology, Pathogenesis, Vaccinal and Antiviral Drug Development between Influenza and COVID-19

Influenza and COVID-19 co-infection and vaccine effectiveness against severe cases: a mathematical modeling study

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