Covalently linked ethylmercaptophenyl sulfonic acid and ethylmercaptobenzyl sulfonic acid silica materials—Synthesis and catalytic activity

Simultaneous Sampling of Vapor and Particle-Phase Carcinogenic Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons on Functionalized Glass Fiber Filters

“…A rapid weight loss associated with a calorimetric peak can be observed at 225°C, in the thermal analysis of the functionalized filter, while this signal in absent in the blank filter analysis. Such a weight loss associated to a calorimetric peak in the range 150-300°C can be associated to the functionalization of the silica surface (Bugrayev et al, 2008Cataldo et al, 2008). An organic carbon content of 6% can be estimated using the thermogravimetric analysis (Dufaud et al 2003;Cousiniè et al, 2007).…”

Biofuels and Co-Products Out of Hemicelluloses

“…H-Mordenite 98% [22] Sulphonic acid/Silica surface 99% [23] 1-methylimidazole 91% [24] KI, KCl (dilute acid) 88% [20] NaCl, H 2 SO 4 83% [25] 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium 84% [26] NaCl, HCl 78% [27] Aluminium chloride Hexahydrate 76% [28] Amberlyst 70 75% [29] Zeolite H-Beta 74% [30] MCM-22, ITQ-2 70% [31] FeCl 3 71% [32] Nafion 60% [33] Keggin type acids 62% [34] Vanadyl pyrophosphate 53% [35] For these reactions, the temperature is generally between 140-240 °C under proportional pressure allowing the mixture to remain liquid. Many researches also use a co-solvent, often toluene in order to isolate furfural from the aqueous mixture.…”

“…Heterogeneous catalyst has been proven to be very efficient for the process [22,23] although polymerisation tend to reduce the surface activity thus leading to a short-term deactivation of the catalyst. On the other hand, homogeneous catalyst was also shown to be efficient but at this point the whole technique relies on how the organic solvent is dispersed in the aqueous mixture.…”