Course of hatch and developmental changes in thyroid hormone concentration in blood of chicken embryo following in ovo riboflavin supplementation

Abstract

Introduction Riboflavin (7,3S,4R)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydr oxypentyl]benzo[g]pteridine-2,4-dione, C 17 H 20 N 4 O 6 , vitamin B2) plays a key role in energy metabolism as a source of flavin mononucleotide (riboflavin-5′-phosphate, FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD). Moreover, it is a component of the flavin enzymes and coenzymes, which carry electrons in oxidation and reduction reactions, and it also plays a key role in the respiratory chain and the oxidation of fatty acids and amino acids. Furthermore, riboflavin is involved in the Krebs cycle and the metabolism of folate, vitamin B6, (pyridoxine), and vitamin B12 (cobalamin) (1). Riboflavin plays an important role in the innate immunity of both plants and animals (1-3). The immunomodulatory role of riboflavin in avian immunity is particularly highly appreciated (3).In vertebrates, flavin deficiencies lead to diseases such as glossitis, cheilosis, and organic acidurias (4). A deficiency of riboflavin is very rare in adult birds; however, its disappearance from the organism is associated with the overall hypovitaminosis (5-7). In avian species, riboflavin is required for proper embryonic development; therefore, it is accumulated in the developing chicken egg at an amount of about 300 µg per egg (8). Riboflavin deficiency is often related to mutations in an Rd gene encoding a riboflavin-binding protein (RfBP), which is responsible for deposition of riboflavin in eggs (9). In rd/rd mutants, effects of deficiency become apparent after day 10 of incubation (5). Embryo death occurs suddenly around day 13 of incubation and is the result of inhibition of activity of flavin-dependent enzymes, hypoglycemia, and impaired fatty acid oxidation. The adverse effects of the Rd gene mutation can be abolished by in ovo administration of free riboflavin or FMN but not RfBP (10). Riboflavinsupplemented embryos survived and developed properly, but those injected with RfBP died. This indicates that the unbound riboflavin that is injected into egg whites can be used by the developing embryo to ensure its proper

Cadmium-induced changes in hatchability and in the activity of aminotransaminases and selected lysosomal hydrolases in the blood plasma of Muscovy ducklings (Cairina moschata)

“…They appeared with similar frequency in the control and experimental groups and it cannot be excluded that they are due to genetic and environmental factors (Romanoff, 1972) or manipulation (Trzeciak et al, 2014). On the other hand, Kertész and Fáncsi (2003) found that Cd caused an increase in mortality and developmental anomalies of mallard duck embryos.…”

Effect of in ovo feeding of different level of vitamin B complex (B1, B2 and B12 ) on Hatchability, Production Performance, Carcass Characteristic, Blood Biochemical and Muscle Antioxidant of Broiler Chickens

“…However, as compared to the control group, T4 levels in the T5 group dramatically rose. The release of T4 from the thyroid gland into the blood circulation during hatching was shown to be considerably greater in the group treated with riboflavin at a dosage of 600 g/egg compared to the control group by Trzeciak et al [34] , Nevertheless, vitamin injection increased plasma T3 and T4 levels [33], These results were consistent with those of Elsayed et al [35], who found that quails hatching from eggs injected with 120 g of B6 per egg had significantly (P < 0.05) higher blood T3 concentrations. It is possible to conclude that the observed changes in T4 levels can be attributed to hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis activity under the influence of vitamin B, as well as changes in the metabolism of this hormone in peripheral tissues such as the liver (Table 4).…”

Influence of In-ovo Feeding Vitamins E, B1, and B2 to Broiler Embryos on Hatchability, Chick Quality, and Blood Biochemical Parameters of Hatched Chicks

“…In chicken embryos, antioxidant defense mechanisms, including SOD (superoxide dismutase), GPx (glutathione peroxidase), Vitamins E and C, and alipoic acid prevent damage to major organs and systems (El-Senousey et al, 2018) and in ovo feeding was found to be the best way for fortifying the embryonic antioxidant defense (Araújo et al, 2019;El-Senousey et al, 2018). On the other hand, Trzeciak et al (2014) showed no effect of riboflavin in ovo supplementation on chicken embryo mortality.…”

“…Unchanged hatchability rates with different in ovo treatments are in agreement with the findings of Bhanja et al (2007), who showed that vitamin injections in ovo had no detrimental effect on the hatchability percentage. Also, Trzeciak et al (2014) concluded that riboflavin supplied in ovo did not affect hatchability rate. In our study, the average weight of the chicks increased as a result of injections of vitamin E, B1, and B2 as compared to the negative or positive control groups.…”