“…In 1996, Straub et al (1996) enriched and isolated three strains of gram-negative bacteria, which can use Fe(II) as an electron donor for NO 3 − reduction. Subsequently, NDAFO IOM were found in river and lake sediments, paddy soils, water treatment reactors and constructed wetlands (CWs) and were mainly categorized as α-Proteobacteria (Kumaraswamy et al, 2006;Sorokina et al, 2012;Jiang et al, 2015;Park et al, 2018), β-Proteobacteria (Anirban and Flynn, 2013;Zhang et al, 2016bZhang et al, , 2019cZhang et al, , 2020aLiu et al, 2019b;Chen et al, 2020a;Ma et al, 2020;Mai et al, 2021;Xu et al, 2021), γ-Proteobacteria (Etique et al, 2014;Li et al, 2015Li et al, , 2018aHe et al, 2017) and δ-Proteobacteria (Su et al, 2020), which play important roles in Fe(II) reduction coupled with NO x − oxidation.…”