Coupling of electromembrane processes with reverse osmosis for seawater desalination: Pilot plant demonstration and testing

Separation of Hydrochloric Acid and Oxalic Acid from Rare Earth Oxalic Acid Precipitation Mother Liquor by Electrodialysis

“…Electrodialysis technology is widely used in the desalination of brackish water, seawater, and industrial wastewater [ 13 , 14 , 15 ]. Another unique advantage of electrodialysis is the selective separation of the univalent ion from the multivalent ion (e.g., Cl − versus SO 4 2− ) with monovalent permselective AEMs due to their selective permeability for the two ions [ 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 ]. Furthermore, as promising sustainable processes [ 23 ], membrane processes including diffusion dialysis [ 24 ] and Nanofiltration membranes [ 25 ] were also considered in the recovery options of REEs from waste streams.…”

Desalination of oilfield produced waters via reverse electrodialysis: A techno-economical assessment

“…The majority of industrial plant of electrodialysis (ED), electrodialysis reversal (EDR) and electrodeionization (EDI) deals with brackish water, with a capacity ranging between few tens of m 3 day -1 , to 10,000 m 3 day -1 [24]. ED is a well-known technology applied in various industrial fields such as in the food sector [25], ultrapure water production [26], heavy metals removal [27] and studied in several innovative application, such as the tertiary treatment of municipal wastewaters [28] and as a pre-treatment step for the RO seawater desalination [29].…”

“…RED and ARED have been proposed in different schemes to pre-desalinate streams before a further treatment [29], [33]- [35]. Gurreri et al [29] tested ED-ED-RO, ED-RO and RED (in short circuit conditions)-ARED-RO configurations finding that the energy consumption was about 5.6-8.4 kWh m -3 in the firstly mentioned configuration, while it reduced to about 4.1 kWh m -3 with the simpler ED-RO system.…”

“…RED and ARED have been proposed in different schemes to pre-desalinate streams before a further treatment [29], [33]- [35]. Gurreri et al [29] tested ED-ED-RO, ED-RO and RED (in short circuit conditions)-ARED-RO configurations finding that the energy consumption was about 5.6-8.4 kWh m -3 in the firstly mentioned configuration, while it reduced to about 4.1 kWh m -3 with the simpler ED-RO system. The lowest energy consumption (about 3.5 kWh m -3 ) was found for the case of ARED, demonstrating that this process represents an interesting alternative in the fields of desalination and wastewater treatment.…”

Current distribution along electrodialysis stacks and its influence on the current-voltage curve: behaviour from near-zero current to limiting plateau

“…In this field, ED is competitive with the leading desalination technology represented by Reverse Osmosis (RO), and covers ~2% of the global desalination capacity [5]. Recently, ED and ED-derived processes have gained attention also for the development of hybrid schemes to reduce energy consumption, valorize brine, increase water production and remineralize the RO permeate [6][7][8][9][10]. These combinations exhibited interesting results, but conceal the current inadequacy of standalone ED systems for seawater desalination.…”