“…Various techniques have been used to estimate NO 3 − –N loss in the vadose zone (Garmdareh et al, 2018; Yuan, Ruark, & Bland, 2017). However, the majority of studies primarily focus on crop production (Phogat et al, 2020), water and N management (Juntakut et al, 2019; Karandish & Šimůnek, 2018; Li et al, 2015) and N leaching risk, among others (Matteau et al, 2019). Hence, there is still a lack of knowledge regarding the patterns of N transport and simulations in the vadose zone (Gai et al, 2019; Šimůnek, van Genuchten, & Sejna, 2016).…”