Coupled active and reactive market in smart distribution system considering renewable distributed energy resources and demand response programs

Abstract

Summary In this paper a new framework is introduced to develop a coupled active and reactive market in distribution networks. Distributed energy resources (DERs) such as synchronous machine–based distributed generations and wind turbines offer their active and reactive powers to the proposed market. For the considered DERs, multicomponent reactive power bidding structures are introduced based on their capability curves. Also, the hourly speed variations of wind turbines are considered in the proposed model. A distribution company buys active and reactive powers from a wholesale market and sells them via this market. The demand side is active, and responsive loads or aggregators can participate in the market using a demand bidding/buyback program. The objective function of the proposed market is to minimize the active and reactive power costs of DERs and distribution companies, the penalty cost of CO2 emission, and the cost of running a demand bidding/buyback program. The effectiveness of the proposed method is examined on a 22‐bus 20‐kV radial distribution test system.

Robust optimal energy and reactive power management in smart distribution networks: An info‐gap multi‐objective approach

“…However, the separate dispatch scheduling cannot attain a global optimum scheme in the operation of distribution systems. Samimi et al through proposing an accurate model of the reactive power bidding structure for DG units optimizes energy and reactive power resources regarding to the technical and security constraints. In the study of Sausa et al, a multi‐objective methodology has been introduced to address the optimal active and reactive power scheduling considering the DGs, electric vehicles, and capacitors.…”

“…In the study of Samimi et al, a consecutive active and reactive power scheduling in SDNs with dispatchable DGs and WTs have been reported. Samimi et al have developed a joint active/reactive power market in SDNs with DR, which has been cleared using a deterministic approach.…”

Retail market policy for distribution systems in presence of DERs and microgrids: comparison of sequential and simultaneous settlement of energy and reactive power markets

“…As previously discussed, the main challenge in [26] is ignoring the imposed costs to the distribution system operator in the instantaneous market, which brings about an increment in distribution system operation costs. The presented approach in [27] has a similar structure and challenges with the presented approach in [26].…”

Complete active-reactive power resource scheduling of smart distribution system with high penetration of distributed energy resources

“…In the first structure, dispatching schedules of all capacitor banks, adjustment of OLTC transformer taps and the reactive power of DERs are optimally determined according to the load forecasted a day ahead. In this method, different objective functions such as the electrical energy costs, active power losses of the distribution system, sum of voltage deviations at the nodes of the network as well as the total CO 2 emissions of fuel fired electric generating units were utilized in the literature as the policies to accomplish the VVC scheme [11][12][13][14][15]. In [11], the optimum allocation of reactive power among all var sources has been determined based on Benders decomposition algorithm.…”

“…A simultaneous active-reactive power dispatch schedule model has been introduced in [12] for modern distribution systems including renewable energy resources and responsive loads. In [13], a scenario-based probabilistic structure has been developed to extend a joint energy and VAr market for smart grids to cope with the uncertainties of forecasted load demands and wind power output.…”