Counting Ethnicity in Malaysia: The Complexity of Measuring Diversity

Nagaraj, Shyamala; Nai-Peng, Tey; Chiu-Wan, Ng; Kiong-Hock, Lee; Pala, Jean

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-20095-8_8

Cited by 26 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…The Malays themselves represent 60% of the Malaysian population and are inferred on the basis of genetic evidence to have arisen from Proto-Malays by admixture with Malay sub-ethnic groups and other ethnicities. The latter include Chinese and Indians who settled in Peninsular Malaysia during historic times via large-scale migration during the British colonial era in the 19th century [37][38][39].…”

Section: Abomentioning

confidence: 99%

Extended blood group profiles for Malays, Chinese, and Indians in Peninsular Malaysia

Hajar

Zulkafli

Riffin

et al. 2020

Egypt J Med Hum Genet

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Background Blood group antigens are immunogenic polymorphic molecules presented on the surface of RBCs. This study aimed to determine extended blood group profiles (ABO, Rhesus, Kell, Kidd, Duffy, MNS, Cartwright, Dombrock, Colton, Lutheran, and Vel) in Malays, Chinese, and Indians in Peninsular Malaysia. Results Here, ABO Type O, DCCee, MNs, and Fy (a+b−) were the most frequent major blood group phenotypes in all three ethnic groups. Other minor blood group systems distributed differently across these ethnic groups, except for the Kell, Lutheran, Cartwright, and Vel blood group systems, where only K+k−, Lu (8+14), Yt (a+b−), and Vel (+) phenotypes were observed. Exact tests of population differentiation generally showed no significant differences between Malays included in the present study vs. other ethnically similar datasets from previous surveys. However, many significant differences were recorded in comparison between blood group datasets from ethnically unrelated populations (Malays vs. Chinese vs. Indians) especially for Rhesus, Kidd, and Duffy blood group systems. A Principal component analysis (PCA) plot showed that population groups from the Peninsular Malaysia map closely together as compared with population groups from other geographical regions. Conclusions Overall, our present study has successfully provided an extended blood group profiles for Malays, Chinese, and Indians in Peninsular Malaysia. These new blood group datasets can be used as guidelines for donor recruitment and as reference standards for studying diseases associated with blood group systems.

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Section: Abomentioning

confidence: 99%

Extended blood group profiles for Malays, Chinese, and Indians in Peninsular Malaysia

Hajar

Zulkafli

Riffin

et al. 2020

Egypt J Med Hum Genet

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“…Distinct dimensions of race have also been examined in Latin America, where there has long been awareness of discrepancies between color, ancestry, and racial classification, for example (Bailey, Fialho, and Penner In press;Cabella and Porzecanski 2015;Telles 2014;Telles and Lim 1998). Yet theoretically, the same processes are relevant to Europe, Asia and other regions of the world, even if those countries focus less explicitly on the concept of race (Ahmed, Feliciano, and Emigh 2007;Nagaraj et al 2015;Perrin, Dal, and Poulain 2015;Song and Aspinall 2012).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The multiple dimensions of race

Roth

2016

Ethnic and Racial Studies

301

218

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Increasing numbers of people in the United States and beyond experience "race" not as a single, consistent identity but as a number of conflicting dimensions. This article distinguishes the multiple dimensions of the concept of race, including racial identity, selfclassification, observed race, reflected race, phenotype, and racial ancestry. With the word "race" used as a proxy for each of these dimensions, much of our scholarship and public discourse is actually comparing across several distinct, albeit correlated, variables. Yet which dimension of race is used can significantly influence findings of racial inequality. I synthesize scholarship on the multiple dimensions of race, and situate in this framework distinctive literatures on colorism and genetic ancestry inference. I also map the relationship between the multidimensionality of race and processes of racial fluidity and racial boundary change. KEYWORDS Self-classification; interviewer-classification; skin color; phenotype; ancestry; race components This article synthesizes a growing body of scholarship that distinguishes and analyzes the multiple dimensions of the concept of race as experienced by individuals and as measured in research. Increasing numbers of people in the United States and beyond experience "race" not as a single, consistent identity but as a number of conflicting dimensions. These may include, for instance, how an individual self-identifies her race, how she is perceived by others, how she believes she is perceived by others, what she checks among the limited options on the census or other surveys, her skin color and other aspects of her racial appearance, and her racial ancestry. These dimensions influence one another, but are not necessarily the same.

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“…Third, ethnic classification was based on self-identification (asked on the questionnaire as ‘What is best described as your ethnicity?’), and therefore is considered as non-scientifically accurate ethnic classification. Nevertheless, self-identification of ethnicity has always been used even in Malaysian national census and Malaysians are generally used to providing information on their ethnicity [ 74 ]. Further, genotype-specific affinity constants were not used in the calculation of free and bioavailable 25(OH)D due to unavailable data on VDBP polymorphisms in the Malaysian population.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Total vs. Bioavailable: Determining a Better 25(OH)D Index in Association with Bone Density and Muscle Mass in Postmenopausal Women

Abidin

Mitra

2020

Metabolites

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The concurrent presence of low bone density (osteopenia/osteoporosis) and low muscle mass (sarcopenia) in older adults has led to the recognition of “osteosarcopenia” (OS) as a singular entity. Vitamin D may play important role in the manifestation of OS, in terms of intake, absorption, and bioavailability. Evidence suggests that bioavailable 25(OH)D may be a better indicator of Vitamin D compared to total 25(OH)D due to its weak bind to albumin, increasing its ‘availability’. The aim of this study was to assess total and bioavailable 25(OH)D levels in postmenopausal women and to determine their associations to bone density and muscle mass. We assessed body composition, bone density, and 25(OH)D indices of multiethnic, postmenopausal Malaysian women. A significant and negative correlation was found between body fat % and each index of 25(OH)D. Both bioavailable and total 25(OH)D were positively correlated with serum calcium and negatively correlated with iPTH(intact parathyroid hormone). VDBP(Vitamin D binding protein) level was significantly correlated with bioavailable 25(OH)D level, but not with the total 25(OH)D level. Stepwise regression analysis revealed that bioavailable, but not total, 25(OH)D was significantly correlated to bone density and muscle mass, (where stronger correlation was found with bone density), suggesting its superiority. Nevertheless, the low effect size warrants further studies.

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Counting Ethnicity in Malaysia: The Complexity of Measuring Diversity

Cited by 26 publications

References 7 publications

Extended blood group profiles for Malays, Chinese, and Indians in Peninsular Malaysia

Extended blood group profiles for Malays, Chinese, and Indians in Peninsular Malaysia

The multiple dimensions of race

Total vs. Bioavailable: Determining a Better 25(OH)D Index in Association with Bone Density and Muscle Mass in Postmenopausal Women

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