“…Automated users on Twitter, also known as Twitter bots, have become a widely known and welldocumented phenomenon. Over the past decade, malicious Twitter bots were responsible for a wide range of problems such as online disinformation [Cui et al, 2020, Lu and Li, 2020, election interference [Howard et al, 2016, Neudert et al, 2017, Rossi et al, 2020, Ferrara, 2017, extremism campaign [Ferrara et al, 2016, Marcellino et al, 2020, and even the spread of conspiracy theories [Ferrara, 2020, Ahmed et al, 2020, Anwar et al, 2021. These societal challenges have called for automatic Twitter bot detection models to mitigate their negative influence.…”