Counter-Intentional Errors of Basketball Free Throw Shooting Under Elevated Pressure: An Educational Approach of Task Instruction

Gorgulu, Recep

doi:10.5539/jel.v8n2p89

Cited by 7 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…First, our sample size was relatively small and, even though we applied Cohen’s d effect size in order to estimate the sample and also employed repeated measures design, the results should be interpreted with caution. More importantly, the mean age of our participants was relatively low (Mage = 14.53) to compare with previous ironic effects research ( Barlow et al, 2016 , Mage = 22.82; Gray et al, 2017, Mage = 22.6; Gorgulu, 2019 , Mage = 21.02; Gorgulu et al, 2019 , Mage = 22.65; Woodman et al, 2015 , Mage = 20.25) and therefore, it may cause some problems in terms of participants interpretation of the experimental task and conditions. Second, regarding performance in the volleyball serving task, it should be noted that there were no opponent players, which lacks ecological validity.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 59%

“…We followed the same procedure in the last trial with one exception that before completing the MRF-3, participants were informed that they were about to enter the competition by participating in this research and the highest scoring participant would receive a present from the research team immediately at the end of the experiment and the results will be announced as a part of ceremony in front of all team members. The aim was to manipulate anxiety using multiple ecologically valid performance stressors (i.e., competitive environment, financial incentive, and social evaluation) ( Barlow et al, 2016 ; Bell and Hardy, 2009 ; Gorgulu et al, 2019 ; Woodman et al, 2015 ). Then they performed 10 serves under the highanxiety condition.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Effects of Avoiding Instructions Under Pressure: An Examination of the Volleyball Serving Task

Gorgulu

Gokcek

2021

Journal of Human Kinetics

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Wegner predicts that under pressure self-avoiding instructions not to perform in a certain manner will break down precisely where it is least desired that is the hypothesis of the present study. Specifically, the aim was to test the hypothesis that when instructed not to serve into a certain zone, ironic error would be more prevalent under pressure. Our sample comprised 43 female participants between the age of 13 and 16 (Mage = 14.51, SD = 1.35) who were active volleyball players (Mtraining years = 5.40, SD = 2.38). We measured the participants’ psychophysiological indications of anxiety via the heart rate, heart rate variability as well as the self-reported Mental Readiness Form-3. To measure performance, we counted the number of target and non-target serving zones under different anxiety conditions. Participants scored +5 points for serving into the target zone, scored -5 points for serving to the out or hitting the net and 1 point for serving into the court except the target zone. A 2 (anxiety) × 3 (serving zone) fully repeated measures ANOVA revealed a significant anxiety x serving zone interaction F (2, 84) = 36.52, p < .001. When instructed not to serve in a certain zone, players’ overall performance did not change across anxiety conditions t (42) = .68, p =.50. Results did not provide support for the Wegner’s theory as expected, but instead revealed evidence for the Woodman et al.’s (2015) differentiation of ironic performance error. The results demonstrate that the theory of ironic processes may account for practical instruction-based solution for reducing the susceptibility to ironic errors in the serving type of task in volleyball.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 59%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effects of Avoiding Instructions Under Pressure: An Examination of the Volleyball Serving Task

Gorgulu

Gokcek

2021

Journal of Human Kinetics

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“…Consequently, one may be more susceptible to doing what one intends to avoid, when one least wants to do it, counter-intentionally. Therefore, taking a deep breath and trying not to hurry, when under pressure, could allow performers an extended duration of programming while minimizing distractive or unwanted thoughts [ 49 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Examination of Ironic Effects in Air-Pistol Shooting under Pressure

Gorgulu

2019

JFMK

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This study aimed to test the incidence of ironic performance errors in elite air-pistol shooters. Previous research has revealed that, when shooters are anxious, avoidant instructions can cause ironic performance breakdown, especially in the unintended direction. Fifty-seven experienced air-pistol shooters were given specific instructions not to shoot to a certain part of a target, under low- and high-anxiety conditions, respectively. Results demonstrated that, when instructed not to shoot in a specific direction, anxious shooters did so a significant number of times. Interestingly, there was no difference in non-target non-ironic error, which provides specific support for Wegner’s theory of ironic processes of mental control in air-pistol shooting. Consequently, these findings illustrated that the combination of increased anxiety with avoidant instructions could lead to such unintended performance errors, called ironic error. Thus, understanding the mechanism of the anxiety-performance relationship may be a useful theoretical framework which could provide practical, instruction-based interventions to reduce susceptibility to ironic errors under pressure.

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“…Unfortunately, this process is often disrupted by the human tendency to think negatively. This condition is a precisely counter-intentional error (Gorgulu, 2019). This error shows that PST has the potential to increase the athlete's negative condition by encouraging athletes to explore the negative experiences experienced (Gorgulu, 2019).…”

Section: Researchers Developed a Mental Training Called Psychological...mentioning

confidence: 96%

Effect of Mindfulness Sport Performance Enhancement (MSPE) to Reduce competitive state anxiety on Karate Athletes

Harita

Suryanto

Ardi

2022

SPORTIF

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Competitive state anxiety influences cognitive, emotional, and athlete behaviour while they have to perform perfectly in a competition. This study was conducted to analyze the effect of Mindfulness Sports Performance Enhancement (MSPE) training on competitive state anxiety of karate athletes in Surabaya. The research method used is quantitative with an experimental design. The sample in this study was 28 Karate athletes from Dojo Shiroite and INKAI in Surabaya. Those samples were selected using quota sampling. The intervention provided was an MSPE intervention adapted from Mindfulness Sports Performance Enhancement (MSPE). The data collection method was carried out using a competitive state anxiety scale adapted from The Revised Competitive State Anxiety Inventory – 2 with 17 items. The data were analyzed by paired t-test with SPSS 26. The result showed a significant decrease in the average competitive state anxiety by 9.25 points. This condition is supported by the decrease in cognitive anxiety and somatic anxiety dimension by 7.76 and 3.86 points. The decrease was also followed by an increase in the self-confidence dimension by 8.21 points. The findings in this study show the importance of continuous mental mindfulness training to improve athlete performance by overcoming competitive state anxiety. This research can also be a reference for practitioners and researchers. MSPE training can be developed as an effort to improve or solve problems related to an athlete's condition.

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Counter-Intentional Errors of Basketball Free Throw Shooting Under Elevated Pressure: An Educational Approach of Task Instruction

Cited by 7 publications

References 24 publications

The Effects of Avoiding Instructions Under Pressure: An Examination of the Volleyball Serving Task

The Effects of Avoiding Instructions Under Pressure: An Examination of the Volleyball Serving Task

An Examination of Ironic Effects in Air-Pistol Shooting under Pressure

Effect of Mindfulness Sport Performance Enhancement (MSPE) to Reduce competitive state anxiety on Karate Athletes

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