Counselor and client verbal response mode changes during initial counseling sessions.

Abstract

This article is based on a master's thesis by Jeffrey A. Daniels under the direction of Susan D. Lonborg. This research was partially supported by a grant to Susan D. Lonborg from the Faculty Research Committee at Central Washington University.We especially thank Brenda Pinkston and Rick Ryen for their contributions to the early stages of rater training and the eight counselor trainees who agreed to the use of their counseling sessions. In addition, we gratefully acknowledge the assistance of the four anonymous reviewers who commented on earlier drafts of this article.

Toward a Mini‐theory of the Blamer Softening Event: Tracking the Moment‐by‐moment Process

“…A second coding scheme was added to provide an assessment of the construct validity of the EFT-CS. The Classification System for Counseling Responses (CSCR) enables the coding of 19 therapist verbal behaviors using moment-by-moment intervals (Highlen, Lonborg, Hampl, & Lassiter, 1984;Lonborg, Daniels, Hammond, Houghton-Wenger, and Brace, 1991). These intervals or "meaning units" represent the smallest unit of speech that contains a complete thought or meaning (Richards & Lonborg, 1996).…”

“…A therapist talk-turn may include multiple meaning units. The original CSCR code categories were collapsed into the following nine counselor classes based on the recommendation of Lonborg et al (1991): Minimal Responses, Requests, Approval/Reassurance, Information, Instruction, Restatement, Empathy, Interpretation, and Confrontation. Each talk-turn consists of a series of meaning units that represent different therapist verbal behaviors.…”

The communicative functions of five signing chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)

“…In the current study coders received instruction to disregard the behavior of the interlocutor following the chimpanzees utterance. This was to avoid the possibility of it influencing the coding of utterances (Lonborg, Daniels, Hammond, Houghton-Wenger, and Brace 1991). This difference may have increased some ambiguity in this study.…”

Comparative Analysis of A Client's Verbal Responses in Counseling Sessions: Quantitative Case Study

“…Other systems of client verbal behavior have been utilized in previous studies. However, they also have their own problems that need to be solved: for example, the Taxonomy of Verbal Response Modes (Stiles, 1992) uses the same categories to classify both counselor's and client's responses; the Client Resistance Scale (Mahalik, 1994) and the Experiencing Scale (Klein, et al, 1986) focus only on one aspect of the client's verbal behavior; and the Classification System for Counseling Responses (Lonborg, Daniels, Hammond, Houghton-Wenger, & Brace, 1991) consists of categories similar to Hill's original system. Researchers need to develop a more clinically meaningful and reliable measure of clients' verbal behavior.…”