Could Candida Overgrowth Be Involved in the Pathophysiology of Autism?

Herman, Anna; Herman, Andrzej Przemysław

doi:10.3390/jcm11020442

Cited by 10 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 147 publications

(191 reference statements)

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“…Several studies have associated the overgrowth of this fungus with the pathophysiology of autism. [48][49][50]. This hypothesis is supported by the food selectivity often recognized in these children, who prefer foods rich in sugar; this habit creates an oral and intestinal environment conducive to overgrowth of Candida sp.…”

Section: Oral Microbiotamentioning

confidence: 89%

Once upon a Time Oral Microbiota: A Cinderella or a Protagonist in Autism Spectrum Disorder?

Mussap,

Beretta,

Esposito

et al. 2023

Metabolites

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Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder evolving over the lifetime of individuals. The oral and gut microbial ecosystems are closely connected to each other and the brain and are potentially involved in neurodevelopmental diseases. This narrative review aims to identify all the available evidence emerging from observational studies focused on the role of the oral microbiome in ASD. A literature search was conducted using PubMed and the Cochrane Library for relevant studies published over the last ten years. Overall, in autistic children, the oral microbiota is marked by the abundance of several microbial species belonging to the Proteobacteria phylum and by the depletion of species belonging to the Bacteroidetes phylum. In mouse models, the oral microbiota is marked by the abundance of the Bacteroidetes phylum. Oral dysbiosis in ASD induces changes in the human metabolome, with the overexpression of metabolites closely related to the pathogenesis of ASD, such as acetate, propionate, and indoles, together with the underexpression of butyrate, confirming the central role of tryptophan metabolism. The analysis of the literature evidences the close relationship between oral dysbiosis and autistic core symptoms; the rebuilding of the oral and gut ecosystems by probiotics may significantly contribute to mitigating the severity of ASD symptoms.

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Section: Oral Microbiotamentioning

confidence: 89%

Once upon a Time Oral Microbiota: A Cinderella or a Protagonist in Autism Spectrum Disorder?

Mussap,

Beretta,

Esposito

et al. 2023

Metabolites

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“…[99]. Anti-Candida diets have been recommended for autistic children due to their health benefits [102]; however, there is no conclusive empirical evidence to indicate that these diets inhibit Candida growth or promote gut health. The information about the efficacy of these diets is insufficient to make recommendations for their use.…”

Section: Candida Dietmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of the Nutritional Approach and the Role of Dietary Components in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders in Light of the Latest Scientific Research

Önal,

Sachadyn-Król,

Kostecka

2023

Nutrients

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Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that affects several areas of mental development. The onset of ASD occurs in the first few years of life, usually before the age of 3 years. Proper nutrition is important to ensure that an individual’s nutrient and energy requirements are met, and it can also have a moderating effect on the progression of the disorder. A systematic database search was conducted as a narrative review to determine whether nutrition and specific diets can potentially alter gastrointestinal symptoms and neurobehavioral disorders. Databases such as Science Direct, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science (WoS), and Google Scholar were searched to find studies published between 2000 and September 2023 on the relationship between ASD, dietary approaches, and the role of dietary components. The review may indicate that despite extensive research into dietary interventions, there is a general lack of conclusive scientific data about the effect of therapeutic diets on ASD; therefore, no definitive recommendation can be made for any specific nutritional therapy as a standard treatment for ASD. An individualized dietary approach and the dietician’s role in the therapeutic team are very important elements of every therapy. Parents and caregivers should work with nutrition specialists, such as registered dietitians or healthcare providers, to design meal plans for autistic individuals, especially those who would like to implement an elimination diet.

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“…associated with invasive candidiasis, with the exception of C. krusei and C. glabrata . It can be measured in serum or urine [ 127 ]. This approach, however, did not confirm its effectiveness in the diagnosis of invasive candidiasis, and the detection methods were not standardized or validated [ 127 ].…”

Section: Diagnosis Of Invasive Candidiasismentioning

confidence: 99%

Diagnosis and Treatment of Invasive Candidiasis

Barantsevich

2022

Antibiotics

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Candida species, belonging to commensal microbial communities in humans, cause opportunistic infections in individuals with impaired immunity. Pathogens encountered in more than 90% cases of invasive candidiasis include C. albicans, C. glabrata, C. krusei, C. tropicalis, and C. parapsilosis. The most frequently diagnosed invasive infection is candidemia. About 50% of candidemia cases result in deep-seated infection due to hematogenous spread. The sensitivity of blood cultures in autopsy-proven invasive candidiasis ranges from 21% to 71%. Non-cultural methods (beta-D-glucan, T2Candida assays), especially beta-D-glucan in combination with procalcitonin, appear promising in the exclusion of invasive candidiasis with high sensitivity (98%) and negative predictive value (95%). There is currently a clear deficiency in approved sensitive and precise diagnostic techniques. Omics technologies seem promising, though require further development and study. Therapeutic options for invasive candidiasis are generally limited to four classes of systemic antifungals (polyenes, antimetabolite 5-fluorocytosine, azoles, echinocandins) with the two latter being highly effective and well-tolerated and hence the most widely used. Principles and methods of treatment are discussed in this review. The emergence of pan-drug-resistant C. auris strains indicates an insufficient choice of available medications. Further surveillance, alongside the development of diagnostic and therapeutic methods, is essential.

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Could Candida Overgrowth Be Involved in the Pathophysiology of Autism?

Cited by 10 publications

References 147 publications

Once upon a Time Oral Microbiota: A Cinderella or a Protagonist in Autism Spectrum Disorder?

Once upon a Time Oral Microbiota: A Cinderella or a Protagonist in Autism Spectrum Disorder?

A Review of the Nutritional Approach and the Role of Dietary Components in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders in Light of the Latest Scientific Research

Diagnosis and Treatment of Invasive Candidiasis

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