Could attitudes toward COVID-19 in Spain render men more vulnerable than women?

Vega, Ricardo de la; Ruíz-Barquín, Roberto; Boros, Szilvia; Szabó, Attila

doi:10.1080/17441692.2020.1791212

Cited by 64 publications

(48 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Although minor differences were found between males and females, the latter have shown higher scores in most psychological variables studied. The study of differences based on the sex variable is a relevant line of research where several studies have recently been carried out in this regard (45). However, it will be necessary to carry out specific investigations in this field of study.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Personality, Coping Strategies, and Mental Health in High-Performance Athletes During Confinement Derived From the COVID-19 Pandemic

Leguizamo

Olmedilla

Núñez

et al. 2021

Front. Public Health

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The COVID-19 outbreak has affected the sports field unprecedentedly. The emergency alert has deprived athletes of training in a suitable environment, as they are faced with cancellations of relevant events in their sports careers. This situation can cause stress levels and other emotional disorders similar to those experienced by athletes during periods of injury. Since the relationship between psychological factors and sports injuries is well-studied, the Global Psychological Model of Sports Injury (MGPLD) is applied to this historical situation for athletes. The purpose of this study was to analyze the relationships between perfectionism and trait anxiety with indicators of mental health (mood, depression, state anxiety, and stress) in high-performance athletes during confinement due to the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as to explore the coping strategies that athletes have applied and whether they are perceived as useful for managing negative emotional states. A cross-sectional study was conducted through online questionnaires during April 2020, adapting the Psychological Assessment Protocol of the High-Performance Sports Center of Murcia (Spain), to assess the psychological effects of confinement in a cross-cultural sample of 310 athletes (141 women and 169 men) from different countries in Europe, Asia, and America, and from diverse sports disciplines. The protocol comprised six instruments that test perfectionism, trait anxiety, mood states, stress, depression, coping strategies, and sleep. It was answered online via Google Forms. The results show that maladaptive perfectionism was related to all the indicators of athletes' mental health. However, athletes' levels of anxiety, stress, and depressive symptoms are relatively low, and the use of coping strategies such as cognitive restructuring and emotional calm was associated with lower levels of negative emotional states. Besides, the Iceberg Profile, a suitable fit for the mental health model, is observed in the mood of athletes, both in men and in women, although women showed higher levels of anxiety, stress, and depression than men. A strong relationship was observed between maladaptive perfectionism and martial arts sports discipline, superior to other sports. In short, it can be concluded that high-performance athletes in the studied sample showed negative emotional state values below the expected average. Finally, the proposals for practical applications of the results collected are discussed.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Personality, Coping Strategies, and Mental Health in High-Performance Athletes During Confinement Derived From the COVID-19 Pandemic

Leguizamo

Olmedilla

Núñez

et al. 2021

Front. Public Health

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“…While the molecular background rendering male patients more susceptible to severe COVID-19 complications and death remains obscure, studies have suggested that higher ACE-2 expression, sex-immunological differences (e.g. interleukin (IL) IL-4, IL-10, and the IL-12 expression levels), lifestyle factors, as well as overall attitudes towards the COVID-19 pandemic, play pivotal roles in the observed outcomes [60] , [61] , [62] , [63] , [64] . Lastly, we identified increased intubation % to be associated with mortality, a finding that should be taken into context; only patients most in need of mechanical ventilation due to COVID-19 infection receive this.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical frailty scale as a point of care prognostic indicator of mortality in COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Kastora¹,

Kounidas²,

Perrott³

et al. 2021

EClinicalMedicine

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Background: COVID-19 has resulted in the largest pandemic experienced since 1918, accounting for over 2 million deaths globally. Frail and older people are at the highest risk of mortality. The main objective of the present research was to quantify the impact of clinical frailty scale (CFS) by increasing severity of frailty and to identify other personal prognostic factors associated with increased mortality from COVID-19. Methods: This study offers a contemporary systematic review and meta-analysis to analyse the stratified mortality risk by increasing CFS sub-categories (1À3, 4À5 and 6À9). Databases searched included EMBASE, MEDLINE, CAB Abstracts, PsychInfo, and Web of Science with end-search restriction the 18th December 2020. Publications identified via MedRevix were followed up on the 23rd March 2021 in peer-reviewed database search, and citations were updated as published. Prospective and retrospective cohort studies which reported the association between CFS and COVID-19 mortality were included. Thirty-four studies were eligible for systematic review and seventeen for meta-analysis, with 81À87% (I 2 ) heterogeneity. Findings: All studies [N: 34] included patients from a hospital setting, comprising a total of 18,042 patients with mean age 72.8 (Min: 56; Max: 86). The CFS 4À5 patient group had significantly increased mortality when compared to patients with CFS 1À3 [(RE) OR 1.95 (1.32 (95% CI), 2.87 (95% CI)); I 2 81%; p = 0.0008]. Furthermore, CFS 6À9 patient group displayed an even more noticeable mortality increase when compared to patients with CFS 1À3 [(RE) OR 3.09 (2.03, 4.71); I 2 87%; p<0.0001]. Generic inverse variance analysis of adjusted hazard ratio among included studies highlighted that CFS (p = 0.0001), male gender (p = 0.0009), National Early Warning Score (p = 0.0001), Ischaemic Heart Disease (IHD) (p = 0.07), Hypertension (HT) (p<0.0001), and Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) (p = 0.0009) were associated with increased COVID-19 mortality. Interpretation: Our findings suggest a differential stratification of CFS scores in the context of COVID-19 infection, in which CFS 1À3 patients may be considered at lower risk, CFS 4À5 at moderate risk, and CFS 6À9 at high risk of mortality regardless of age. Overall, our study not only aims to alert clinicians of the value of CFS scores, but also highlight the multiple dimensions to consider such as age, gender and co-morbidities, even among moderately frail patients in relation to COVID-19 mortality.

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“…This qualitative study contextualizes and connects a variety of factors leading to non-compliance, thereby supporting the numerous quantitative surveys that have been conducted worldwide about motives for compliances. 7,14,18,[20][21][22][23]29,33,36,39,40 This highlights why qualitative work is essential to understand how motivations affect and influence behaviors. The results can help to design policy measures during times of a pandemic that can be designed more effectively and more sensitively.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Motivations and Limits for COVID-19 Policy Compliance in Germany and Switzerland

Zimmermann

Fiske

McLennan

et al. 2021

Int J Health Policy Manag

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Background: In contrast to neighboring countries, German and Swiss authorities refrained from general curfews during the first pandemic wave in spring 2020, calling for solidarity and personal responsibility instead. Using a qualitative methodology, this study aims to explore why people in Germany and Switzerland were motivated to comply with policy measures during the first wave of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, and what factors hindered or limited their motivation. While quantitative surveys can measure the level of compliance, or broadly ask what motives people had for compliance, we here strive to explain why and how these motives lead to compliance. Methods: This publication has been made possible by the joint work of the members of the "Solidarity in times of pandemics" (SolPan) research commons. Seventy-seven semi-structured qualitative interviews were conducted with members of the general public in Germany (n = 46) and the German-speaking part of Switzerland (n = 31) in April 2020. Interviews were transcribed and analyzed following a grounded theory approach. Results: Three themes were identified that summarize factors contributing to compliant or noncompliant behavior. (1) Social cohesion was, on the one hand, an important motivator for compliance, but at the same time related to conflicting needs, illustrating the limits of compliance. (2) Consequences were considered on both the individual level (eg, consequences of individual infection) and societal level (eg, the societal and economic consequences of restrictions). (3) While for some participants following the rules was perceived as a matter of principle, others stressed the importance of making their own risk assessment, which was often associated with with a need for evidence on the effectiveness and reasons behind measures. Conclusion: A variety of motives contribute to COVID-19 related compliance. Authorities should seek to address these multi-faceted aspects to support motivation for compliance in a large proportion of the population.

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Could attitudes toward COVID-19 in Spain render men more vulnerable than women?

Cited by 64 publications

References 24 publications

Personality, Coping Strategies, and Mental Health in High-Performance Athletes During Confinement Derived From the COVID-19 Pandemic

Personality, Coping Strategies, and Mental Health in High-Performance Athletes During Confinement Derived From the COVID-19 Pandemic

Clinical frailty scale as a point of care prognostic indicator of mortality in COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Motivations and Limits for COVID-19 Policy Compliance in Germany and Switzerland

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