Costs and global impacts of black carbon abatement strategies

Rypdal, Kristin; Rive, Nathan; Berntsen, Terje; Klimont, Zbigniew; Mideksa, Torben K.; Myhre, Gunnar; Skeie, Ragnhild Bieltvedt

doi:10.1111/j.1600-0889.2009.00430.x

Cited by 68 publications

(101 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…Prior analyses have suggested the potential to achieve large reductions in emissions of all the compounds examined here at relatively low cost (Enkvist et al 2007;Rypdal et al 2009;Shindell et al 2012a;UNEP 2011). Including the larger SCAR valuation would make the economics even more favorable from the perspective of a social planner considering broad societal costs.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The social cost of atmospheric release

2015

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I present a multi-impact economic valuation framework called the Social Cost of Atmospheric Release (SCAR) that extends the Social Cost of Carbon (SCC) used previously for carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) to a broader range of pollutants and impacts. Values consistently incorporate health impacts of air quality along with climate damages. The latter include damages associated with aerosol-induced hydrologic cycle changes that lead to net climate benefits when reducing cooling aerosols. Evaluating a 1 % reduction in current global emissions, benefits with a high discount rate are greatest for reductions of co-emitted products of incomplete combustion (PIC), followed by sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ), nitrogen oxides (NO x ) and then CO 2 , ammonia and methane. With a low discount rate, benefits are greatest for PIC, with CO 2 and SO 2 next, followed by NO x and methane. These results suggest that efforts to mitigate atmosphere-related environmental damages should target a broad set of emissions including CO 2 , methane and aerosol/ozone precursors. Illustrative calculations indicate environmental damages are $330-970 billion yr −1 for current US electricity generation (~14-34¢ per kWh for coal,~4-18¢ for gas) and $3.80 (−1.80/+2.10) per gallon of gasoline ($4.80 (−3.10/+3.50) per gallon for diesel). These results suggest that total atmosphere-related environmental damages plus generation costs are much greater for coal-fired power than other types of electricity generation, and that damages associated with gasoline vehicles substantially exceed those for electric vehicles.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The social cost of atmospheric release

2015

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“…For BC, there is an indirect effect of BC deposited on snow and ice as BC reduces the albedo of such surfaces (Warren and Wiscombe, 1980;Jacobson, 2001;Hansen and Nazarenko, 2004;Rypdal et al, 2009;Doherty et al, 2010). The indirect effect of BC on snow and ice raises the impact by 10-15 % depending on the location of emissions (Rypdal et al, 2009;Bond et al, 2011).…”

Section: Black Carbon On Snow and Icementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The indirect effect of BC on snow and ice raises the impact by 10-15 % depending on the location of emissions (Rypdal et al, 2009;Bond et al, 2011).…”

Section: Black Carbon On Snow and Icementioning

confidence: 99%

Simple emission metrics for climate impacts

2013

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In the context of climate change, emissions of different species (e.g., carbon dioxide and methane) are not directly comparable since they have different radiative efficiencies and lifetimes. Since comparisons via detailed climate models are computationally expensive and complex, emission metrics were developed to allow a simple and straightforward comparison of the estimated climate impacts of emissions of different species. Emission metrics are not unique and variety of different emission metrics has been proposed, with key choices being the climate impacts and time horizon to use for comparisons. In this paper, we present analytical expressions and describe how to calculate common emission metrics for different species. We include the climate metrics radiative forcing, integrated radiative forcing, temperature change and integrated temperature change in both absolute form and normalised to a reference gas. We consider pulse emissions, sustained emissions and emission scenarios. The species are separated into three types: CO₂ which has a complex decay over time, species with a simple exponential decay, and ozone precursors (NO_x, CO, VOC) which indirectly effect climate via various chemical interactions. We also discuss deriving Impulse Response Functions, radiative efficiency, regional dependencies, consistency within and between metrics and uncertainties. We perform various applications to highlight key applications of emission metrics, which show that emissions of CO₂ are important regardless of what metric and time horizon is used, but that the importance of short lived climate forcers varies greatly depending on the metric choices made. Further, the ranking of countries by emissions changes very little with different metrics despite large differences in metric values, except for the shortest time horizons (GWP20)

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“…The scheme includes deposition of BC during snowfall events, dry deposition, melting and sublimation (cf. Rypdal et al, 2009;Skeie et al, 2011 for details). The change in the surface albedo and the implication for radiative forcing of the BC in the snow is calculated with a radiative a transfer code as described in Stamnes et al (1988) and Myhre et al (2009).…”

Section: Model Descriptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Short-lived climate forcers from current shipping and petroleum activities in the Arctic

et al. 2012

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Abstract. Emissions of short-lived climate forcers (SLCF) in the Arctic region are expected to increase, notably from shipping and petroleum extraction. We here discuss changes in atmospheric SLCF concentrations and resulting radiative forcing (RF) from present day shipping and petroleum activities in the Arctic. The three-dimensional chemistry transport OsloCTM2 and a state of the art radiative forcing model are used, based on a coherent dataset of present day Arctic emissions. We find that the net RF of SLCF of shipping in the Arctic region is negative, mainly due to the direct and indirect RF effects of sulphate emissions, while the net RF of SLCF of petroleum extraction is positive, mainly due to the effects of black carbon aerosols in the air and deposited on snow. Strong seasonal variations of the sensitivities to emissions are found. In terms of annual mean values we find that the Arctic sensitivities to SLCF is similar to global average sensitivities. One exception to this is the stronger snow/ice albedo effect from BC emissions.

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Costs and global impacts of black carbon abatement strategies

Cited by 68 publications

References 39 publications

The social cost of atmospheric release

The social cost of atmospheric release

Simple emission metrics for climate impacts

Short-lived climate forcers from current shipping and petroleum activities in the Arctic

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