“…This is because there are significant barriers, uncertainties and sensitivities in the application of these technologies throughout the global food system. Furthermore, knowledge of the interaction of these technologies within a heterogeneous farming system is somewhat limited and context dependant (MacLeod et al 2010;MacLeod 2015). Prescribing region-specific solutions is therefore limited by the biophysical, as well as the sociopolitical characterisation of these regions.…”
Full-scale technical potential provides a clear horizon for agricultural technology policy to meet the dual and urgent challenge of meeting food security and minimising the effects of climate change. A common stated goal is to double food production by 2050 to meet the needs of 9 billion people. The frontier of full-scale technical potential embodies this goal and provides a panacea for policy makers. However, the pathway between the present adoption of technologies towards this frontier is paved with some hazards which may be insurmountable. We develop a conceptual framework based on adoption levels of technology. The key criteria between current and potential adoption of technologies is the role of enablers, that is interventions which create changes in structural, distributional, technical, social and behavioural cultures. Policy must find optimal mixtures of regulation and voluntary mechanisms to fully encourage uptake of technologies and shift current adoption to meet full-scale technical potential. A range of technologies can be aligned with sustainable intensification and are examined in terms of this enabler framework. Further examination of the framework allows us to conclude that full-scale technical potential will never be achieved due to the stochastic nature of agricultural production, the diversity of motivations and institutional structures operating within food supply chains, as well as unbalanced cost-effectiveness criteria. We argue that sustainable intensification may provide a direction of travel for attaining food security but its poor conception, limited acceptability and understanding amongst the communities of interest lead to over-optimism in determining the journey to this final destination.
“…This is because there are significant barriers, uncertainties and sensitivities in the application of these technologies throughout the global food system. Furthermore, knowledge of the interaction of these technologies within a heterogeneous farming system is somewhat limited and context dependant (MacLeod et al 2010;MacLeod 2015). Prescribing region-specific solutions is therefore limited by the biophysical, as well as the sociopolitical characterisation of these regions.…”
Full-scale technical potential provides a clear horizon for agricultural technology policy to meet the dual and urgent challenge of meeting food security and minimising the effects of climate change. A common stated goal is to double food production by 2050 to meet the needs of 9 billion people. The frontier of full-scale technical potential embodies this goal and provides a panacea for policy makers. However, the pathway between the present adoption of technologies towards this frontier is paved with some hazards which may be insurmountable. We develop a conceptual framework based on adoption levels of technology. The key criteria between current and potential adoption of technologies is the role of enablers, that is interventions which create changes in structural, distributional, technical, social and behavioural cultures. Policy must find optimal mixtures of regulation and voluntary mechanisms to fully encourage uptake of technologies and shift current adoption to meet full-scale technical potential. A range of technologies can be aligned with sustainable intensification and are examined in terms of this enabler framework. Further examination of the framework allows us to conclude that full-scale technical potential will never be achieved due to the stochastic nature of agricultural production, the diversity of motivations and institutional structures operating within food supply chains, as well as unbalanced cost-effectiveness criteria. We argue that sustainable intensification may provide a direction of travel for attaining food security but its poor conception, limited acceptability and understanding amongst the communities of interest lead to over-optimism in determining the journey to this final destination.
“…Moreover, the agricultural sector affects climate change, producing approximately 13.5% of global greenhouse gas (GHG) [33]. In particular, methane (CH 4 , derived from anaerobic decomposition of organic matter or manure), nitrous oxide (N 2 O, mainly due to synthetic fertilizer application), and carbon dioxide (CO 2 , resulting from energy use in the farm and the carbon loss due to conventional or excessive tillage) [34]. Specifically, in viticulture, GHG emission is caused by the production and distribution of fertilizers and pesticides, irrigation, pruning, tillage, and pesticide application energy usage, soil emissions, and crop residue management [35], [36].…”
Section: Understanding the Changes In Action: The Smart Agricultures Multidimensionality Methodsmentioning
This study shows a new methodological proposal for wine farm management, as a result of the progressive development of the technological innovations and their adoption. The study was carried out in Italy involving farmers, workers, or owners of wine farms who are progressively introducing or using precision agriculture technologies on their farm. The methodology proposed was divided in four stages (1. understanding the changes in action; 2. identifying the added value of Smart Farming processes; 3. verifying the reliability of new technologies; 4. adjusting production processes) that can be applied at different levels in vine farms to make the adoption of precision agriculture techniques and technologies harmonious and profitable. Data collection was carried out using a participant-observer method in brainstorming sessions, where the authors reflected on the significance of technology adoption means and how to put them in practice, and interviews, questionnaire surveys, diaries, and observations. Moreover, project activities and reports provided auxiliary data. The findings highlighted the issues of a sector which, although with broad investment and finance options, lacks a structure of human, territorial, and organizational resources for the successful adoption of technological innovations. The work represents a basis for the future development of models for strategic scenario planning and risk assessments for farmers, policymakers, and scientists.
“…As emissions reductions in the sector are particularly complex due to the biological nature of the GHG emitting systems, a large and growing range of mitigation options has been identified (see Smith et al, 2008). Moving beyond the technical feasibility of mitigating emissions, studies have analysed the marginal abatement costs associated with each measure, and used their results to draw marginal abatement cost curves (MACC), representing the cost of each measure reducing an additional unit of carbon equivalent GHG emission (Moran et al, 2011;Smith et al, 2007b;Pellerin et al, 2013;De Cara and Jayet, 2011;Schulte et al, 2012;MacLeod et al, 2015;Sánchez et al, 2016). These analyses show that some mitigation measures may actually generate economic gains for the adopting farmer via a cost reduction (win-win), while others can be implemented at very little cost.…”
This paper is published under the responsibility of the Secretary-General of the OECD. The opinions expressed and the arguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the official views of OECD countries. The publication of this document has been authorised by Ken Ash, Director of the Trade and Agriculture Directorate. This paper and any map included herein are without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area. The statistical data for Israel are supplied by and under the responsibility of the relevant Israeli authorities. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law.
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