Bt cotton is accused of being responsible for an increase of farmer suicides in India. In this article, we provide a comprehensive review of evidence on Bt cotton and farmer suicides. Available data show no evidence of a 'resurgence' of farmer suicides. Moreover, Bt cotton technology has been very effective overall in India. Nevertheless, in specific districts and years, Bt cotton may have indirectly contributed to farmer indebtedness, leading to suicides, but its failure was mainly the result of the context or environment in which it was planted.

www.ifpri.org IFPRI Division Discussion Papers contain preliminary material and research results. They have not been subject to formal external reviews managed by IFPRI's Publications Review Committee, but have been reviewed by at least one internal or external researcher. They are circulated in order to stimulate discussion and critical comment.

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Organisation de Coopération et de Développement Économiques Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development 03-Oct-2013 ___________________________________________________________________________________________ English-Or. English ENVIRONMENT DIRECTORATE ENVIRONMENT WORKING PAPER No. 62-A CHARACTERISATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL LABELLING AND INFORMATION SCHEMES

Many countries have adopted labeling policies for genetically modified (GM) food, and the regulations vary considerably across countries. We evaluate the importance of political-economic factors implicit in the choice of GM food labeling regulations. Using an analytical model, we show that production and trade-related interests play a prominent role in labeling decision-making. This conclusion is validated by an empirical analysis of GM food labeling policy choices. We find that countries producing GM crops are more likely to have less stringent labeling policies. Food and feed exporters to the European Union (EU) and Japan are more likely to have adopted stricter labeling policies. Labeling regulations in Asia and Europe are similar to those of Japan and the EU. Countries with no labeling policies are less developed, with important rural sectors and are more likely to have ratified the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety. Copyright � 2009 The Authors. Journal compilation � 2009 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.

IFPRI Division Discussion Papers contain preliminary material and research results. They have not been subject to formal external reviews managed by IFPRI's Publications Review Committee, but have been reviewed by at least one internal or external researcher. They are circulated in order to stimulate discussion and critical comment.

Highlights Diverse early food policy measures were adopted in response to COVID-19. OECD countries used more economic support, emerging economies more market and trade measures. About a third of 496 reported measures were urgent and necessary or “no-regret” 10.5% of measures had potentially negative impacts on markets, trade or the environment. At least $47.6 billion was allocated by OECD governments to the food sector.

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