Cost analysis of Human Papillomavirus-related cervical diseases and genital warts in Swaziland

Ginindza, Themba G.; Sartorius, Benn; Dlamini, Xolisile; Östensson, Ellinor

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0177762

Cited by 14 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…The morbidity associated with AGW seems low in general, as LR-HPV infections are transient. However, the cost of regular diagnosis and treatment, the stress, and declining quality of lifestyle related to this condition are important because of high transmission and frequent recurrences ( 5 , 50 – 52 ). Considered as one of the major risk factors for the development of anal and oral cancers, AGW is found in 80–85% of anal cancers ( 53 ) and 50% of cancers of the upper aerodigestive tract (oropharyngeal cancer) ( 54 ).…”

Section: Epidemiology Of Hpv Infection and Related Diseasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiology and Burden of Human Papillomavirus and Related Diseases, Molecular Pathogenesis, and Vaccine Evaluation

Kombe

Zahid

et al. 2021

Front. Public Health

307

276

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Diagnosed in more than 90% of cervical cancers, the fourth deadliest cancer in women, human papillomavirus (HPV) is currently the most common pathogen responsible for female cancers. Moreover, HPV infection is associated with many other diseases, including cutaneous and anogenital warts, and genital and upper aerodigestive tract cancers. The incidence and prevalence of these pathologies vary considerably depending on factors including HPV genotype, regional conditions, the study population, and the anatomical site sampled. Recently, features of the cervicovaginal microbiota are found to be associated with the incidence of HPV-related diseases, presenting a novel approach to identify high-risk women through both blood and cervical samples. Overall, the HPV repartition data show that HPV infection and related diseases are more prevalent in developing countries. Moreover, the available (2-, 4-, and 9-valent) vaccines based on virus-like particles, despite their proven effectiveness and safety, present some limitations in terms of system development cost, transport cold chain, and oncogenic HPV variants. In addition, vaccination programs face some challenges, leading to a considerable burden of HPV infection and related diseases. Therefore, even though the new (9-valent) vaccine seems promising, next-generation vaccines as well as awareness programs associated with HPV vaccination and budget reinforcements for immunization are needed.

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Section: Epidemiology Of Hpv Infection and Related Diseasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiology and Burden of Human Papillomavirus and Related Diseases, Molecular Pathogenesis, and Vaccine Evaluation

Kombe

Zahid

et al. 2021

Front. Public Health

307

276

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show abstract

“…Our previous cost analysis conducted in Eswatini estimated direct medical costs associated with Human Papillomavirus (HPV) related cervical cancer diseases at $16 million [14]. This was the first study to demonstrate the magnitude of the economic burden resulting from cervical cancer.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Understanding the human and economic burden of the disease is important for public health policy-makers to make planning and budget decisions [12]. Findings from CoI studies provide essential information on disease-specific costs and data for further economic evaluations in view of informed policy decisions [13][14][15]. With evidence of HPV vaccination preventing up to 90% of diseases attributed to this virus the question of how to prioritize and allocate resources to prevent cervical cancer is essential.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The economic burden of cervical cancer in Eswatini: Societal perspective

2021

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Background Cervical cancer imposes considerable economic burden on societies and individuals. There is lack of evidence regarding this from the developing world and particularly from sub-Saharan Africa. Therefore, the study aimed to estimate the societal costs of cervical cancer in Eswatini. Materials and methods The cost of illness study (CoI) was applied using national specific clinical and registry data from hospitals, registries and reports to determine the prevalence of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) and cervical cancer in Eswatini in 2018. Cost data included direct medical costs (health care utilization in inpatient and outpatient care), direct non-medical costs (patient costs for traveling) and indirect costs based on productivity loss due to morbidity (patient time during diagnosis and treatment) and premature mortality. Results The estimated total annual cost for cervical cancer was $19 million (ranging between $14 million and $24 million estimated with lower and upper bounds). Direct cost represented the majority of the costs at 72% ($13.7 million) out of which total pre-cancerous treatment costs accounted for 0.7% ($94,161). The management of invasive cervical cancer was the main cost driver with costs attributable to treatment for FIGO III and FIGO IV representing $1.7 million and $8.7 million respectively. Indirect costs contributed 27% ($5.3 million) out of which productivity loss due to premature mortality represented the majority at 67% ($3.5 million). Conclusion The economic burden of cervical cancer in Eswatini is substantial. National public health prevention strategies with prophylactic HPV vaccine and screening for cervical lesions should therefore be prioritized to limit the extensive costs associated with cervical cancer.

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“…In 2010, excluding direct cost, the burden was estimated at $1.16 trillion, representing more than 1.5% of global domestic product [ 7 ]. A study conducted in Eswatini, estimated annual cost associated with screening, managing, and treating cervical lesions at $12.6 million dollars in 2018 [ 8 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mapping evidence on the distribution of the costs associated with cancer of prostate, cervix, and female breast in the sub-Saharan Africa: protocol for a scoping review

et al. 2021

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Background Despite the well-documented information on cancer prevention and management, among noncommunicable diseases (NCDs), globally, cancer continues to be the second leading cause of morbidity and mortality with devastating economic consequences. The burden is disproportionately more among developing countries and the extent of evidence available on the economic consequences (direct and indirect costs) of cancer remains unknown in low-income countries particularly in the sub-Saharan region. Understanding the costs of illness is important to inform decision-making on setting up health care policies and informing economic evaluation of interventions. This study aims to map evidence on the distribution of the economic burden (direct and indirect costs) associated with prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of three predominant cancers: prostate, cervix, and female breast in the sub-Saharan Africa. Methods This scoping review will be reported according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR), and will be conducted following Arksey and O’Malley’s framework. We will search PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Science, CINHAL (via EBSCOhost platform), Science Direct, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Africa-Wide Information, Google Scholar, and WHO Library. We will perform hand-searching of the reference lists of included studies and other relevant documents. Two reviewers will independently screen all citations, full-text articles, and abstract data. We will include primary studies from all study designs reporting costs associated with prevention, diagnosis and treatment of prostate, cervical, and breast cancers in the sub-Saharan region. Data analysis will involve quantitative (e.g., frequencies) and qualitative (e.g., thematic analysis) methods. A narrative summary of findings will be presented. Discussion This review will map the extent of information available on the economic burden (direct and indirect costs) of prostate, cervical, and breast cancers in the sub-Saharan region. Further guidance for future research in the subject area will be discussed. Systematic review registration Open Science Framework

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Cost analysis of Human Papillomavirus-related cervical diseases and genital warts in Swaziland

Cited by 14 publications

References 42 publications

Epidemiology and Burden of Human Papillomavirus and Related Diseases, Molecular Pathogenesis, and Vaccine Evaluation

Epidemiology and Burden of Human Papillomavirus and Related Diseases, Molecular Pathogenesis, and Vaccine Evaluation

The economic burden of cervical cancer in Eswatini: Societal perspective

Mapping evidence on the distribution of the costs associated with cancer of prostate, cervix, and female breast in the sub-Saharan Africa: protocol for a scoping review

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