A detailed morphological analysis of exoskeleton remains of the South American Ordovician phyllocarid crustaceans leads to the recognition of a previously unexpected biodiversity from the Tremadocian up to the Katian. As a result, the genus <i>Caryocaris</i>, as up to now understood, clearly appears to be a comprehensive genus. Taxonomically significant characters are listed and discussed. Two new caryocaridid genera are described: <i>Janviericaris </i>gen. nov., and <i>Ivocaris </i>gen. nov. The diagnosis of the Family Caryocarididae is emended accordingly. In addition to the previous description of <i>Caryocaris acuta </i>Bulman, 1931 from Peru, <i>C. bodenbenderi </i>Aceñolaza & Esteban, 1996 and <i>C. delicata </i>Racheboeuf, Vannier & Ortega, 2000 from Argentina, seven phyllocarid species belonging to five genera are identified from the Tremadocian up to the Sandbian of Argentina and Bolivia. New caryocaridid representatives are <i>Caryocaris acoitensis </i>sp. nov., <i>Ivocaris saltitensis </i>sp. nov., <i>Janviericaris formosa </i>sp. nov. and <i>J. jujuyensis </i>sp. nov.; three other Sandbian and lower Katian forms are provisionally left in open nomenclature as <i>Caryocaris </i>sp. A to C. Ceratiocaridids are represented by the Upper Ordovician genus <i>Pumilocaris </i>Racheboeuf, Vannier & Ortega, 2000, with <i>Pumilocaris granulosa </i>Racheboeuf, Vannier & Ortega, 2000 and <i>Pumilocaris acuta </i>(Bulman, 1931). The familial assignment of the late Tremadocian-Floian genus <i>Rolfecaris </i>gen. nov., represented by <i>Rolfecaris lethiersi </i>sp. nov. and <i>R. parchaensis </i>sp. nov., to the Family Ceratiocarididae still remains uncertain. Caryocaridid phyllocarids have been revealed to be a significantly potential tool for both Ordovician biostratigraphy and palaeobiogeography