Cosmic rays, solar activity, and changes in the Earth’s climate

Contribution of an Integrated Maritime Policy to the Dialogue of Civilisations: The Asia-Pacific Case

“…A vision and strategy are therefore required to enhance the human capabilities to meet the climate change issues and generate opportunities to ensure the long-term sustainability of the world's development. Research concerning the cosmic influence on the Sun-Earth environment [127][128][129][130][131][132][133][134][135][136][137][138][139][140][141][142][143][144][145] adds an additional perspective to this end. This does not challenge the well-established evidence of dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system (such as the warming effects due to anthropogenic emissions from the pre-industrial period to the present) or minimize the importance of diplomatic agreements such as the framework Convention on Climate Change, to protect the climate from dangerous anthropogenic effects and avert the undesirable consequences of such effects.…”

Energy Imbalance Between the Earth and Space Controls the Climate

“…The energy of solar radiation absorbed by the Earth, as well as fraction of the thermal radiation of the Earth's surface, which is released to the space through the atmospheric transparency window, generally depends on variations of the area of the cloud cover. Svensmark et al [20,21,22,23] suggest that the increase in the area of the cloud cover in the lower atmosphere, presumably caused by an increase in the flux of galactic cosmic rays during the Grand quasi-bicentennial minimum of solar activity results only in an increase reflected fraction of the solar radiation to space and weakens the flux of the solar radiation that reaching Earth surface. Without any corresponding calculations of the variations of the average annual energy balance of the Earth Е they suggested that the consequences will include only a deficit of the solar energy absorbed by the Earth and a cooling of the climate up to the onset of the Little Ice Age.…”

Cosmic Rays and Clouds Variations Effect on the Climate is Insignificantly

“…According to the hypothesis Svensmark and Friis-Christensen (1997), Svensmark (2007), Svensmark et al (2017) and Stozhkov et al (2017), the ions created by the increase in the flux of galactic cosmic rays during the period of the Grand Minimum of solar activity affect aerosols in the lower atmosphere of the Earth, increasing the cloud cover area and the cloud formation rate. The growth in the optical density and the area of the cloud cover increases the reflected part of the incoming solar radiation and correspondingly the energy leaving back to space, thereby weakening the flux of solar radiation reaching the surface layers below the clouds.…”

“…The growth of clouds can thereby lead to a deficit in incoming solar energy and to the long-term negative average annual energy budget of the Earth. The hypothesis Svensmark and Friis-Christensen (1997), Svensmark (2007), Svensmark et al (2017) and Stozhkov et al (2017) states that the reflecting effect of cloud growth that attenuates the absorbed part of the solar radiation will inevitably lead to a cooling of the climate down to the onset of a Little Ice Age. Within this hypothesis, the global warming is explained by a decrease in the flux of cosmic rays and in the rate of cloud formation, as well as by the growth in the absorbed part of the solar radiation within the Grand Maximum of the solar activity.…”

“…Further in this short note, we will restrict our consideration to the effect of the increase in cloudiness within the Grand Minimum of solar activity on the growth of the reflected part of the incoming solar radiation back to space, on the increase in absorption and reflection of the surface radiation as well as of the solar radiation reflected from the Earth's surface. We will also consider the joint oppositely directed effects on the variations in the balance of the average annual energy budget of the Earth and on the subsequent global climate change (Svensmark & Friis-Christensen, 1997;Svensmark, 2007;Svensmark et al, 2017;Stozhkov et al, 2017). Due to the growth in the area and the optical density of the cloud cover, the absorbed and reflected (in the direction of the surface) energy of the thermal radiation of the surface within the wide spectral bands of the atmospheric transparency windows increases (Figure 2).…”