Cortisol response and immune-related effects of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar Linnaeus) subjected to short- and long-term stress

Fast, Mark D.; Hosoya, S.; Johnson, Stewart C.; Afonso, Luis O.B.

doi:10.1016/j.fsi.2007.10.009

Cited by 222 publications

(148 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…Several stressors, such as capture, transport, stocking density and salinity changes can result in a significant increase of plasma cortisol levels in teleosts (Fast et al, 2008;Costas et al, 2011). Similarly, the physical stressor used in the present study also induced a significant increase of cortisol levels in E. moara, which suggested that cortisol could be an effective indicator of the stress response in this species.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 66%

“…However, stress-related physiological changes could influence metabolism and cell processes, compromising the innate defense mechanisms and thereby increasing the outcome of diseases (Ellis, 2001). Recently, a bi-directional interaction between the neuroendocrine and immune systems has been demonstrated (Fast et al, 2008). For instance, cortisol was reported to have depressive effects on a number of immune responses in fish, including phagocytosis and lymphocyte mitogenesis (Harris and Bird, 2000).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Physiological responses and non-specific immune parameters in Epinephelus moara exposed to repeated physical stress

Tang

Yin

2017

IJAR

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To evaluate effects of physical stress on physiological and non-specific immune parameters in Epinephelus moara, levels of cortisol, glucose, lactic acid in serum, as well as malondialdehyde (MDA), Alkaline phosphatase (AKP), acid phosphatase (ACP) and lysozyme (LZM) activities in liver were examined. Plasma cortisol levels increased significantly to peak levels at the first day in stressed individuals. Moreover, those levels were significantly higher with respect to control (P<0.05). Concentrations of glucose in serum has only a slight increase at the first day when subjected to stress (P>0.05). The levels of lactic acid, activity of ACP and AKP increased and significantly peaked during treatment; then, all of them dropped to the levels of control groups at the end of treatment. The concentration of LZM and MDA in liver had a significant increase and peaked during treatment; then it began to drop, and finally recovered to the level of control groups. The results indicate that E. moara presented significant physiological and immune responses when subjected to a repeated physical stressor. Also, cortisol and MDA changes could be used as bio-indicators for monitoring stress. The present study provides basic information for improved rearing and feeding protocols in this species.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 66%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physiological responses and non-specific immune parameters in Epinephelus moara exposed to repeated physical stress

Tang

Yin

2017

IJAR

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“…Stressors effects on the immune system have mainly been attributed to elevated levels of cortisol, and there is a huge complexity in the interactions between the immune-and endocrine system, which is most likely governed by a bi-directional communication between HPI-Axis and immune system (Wendelaar Bonga 2011; Pérez-Casanova et al 2010; Stolte et al 2008;Fast et al 2008;Engelsma et al 2002). In the current experiment baseline level of plasmacortisol in the "vaccine and stress" group was elevated week 1 and 2 after second vaccination, which after it returned back to pre-stress levels (and similar to the control group).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of allostatic load on hypothalamic–pituitary–interrenal (HPI) axis before and after secondary vaccination in Atlantic salmon postsmolts (Salmo salar L.)

Iversen

Eliassen

2013

Fish Physiol Biochem

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The experiment consisted of three experimental groups; 1) "vaccine and stress", 2) "stress and vaccine" and 3) control. All groups have previously been vaccinated 6 months prior to the start of the experiment. At the start of the experiment the "vaccine and stress" group was vaccinated with Pentium Forte Plus for the second time (25.02.2008), and then given a daily stressor (crowding stressor, 267 kg m-3 in 15 min) for a period of four weeks. The "stress and vaccine" group was given a similar daily stressor for four weeks, and then vaccinated for the second time. The control group was neither stressed nor vaccinated a second time. The results indicates that a fish in the "stress and vaccine" group enters an allostatic overload type 2 due to oversensitivity to ACTH, a reduced efficient negative feedback system, with elevated baseline levels of plasma cortisol, and reduced immune response with pronounced effects on the wellbeing of the animal. The "vaccine and stress" group entered an allostatic overload type 1 response, with oversensitivity to ACTH and transient reduced efficient negative feedback system, but at the end of the experiment the fish had recovered. This study shows that if plasma cortisol becomes elevated prior to vaccination it could instigate an allostatic overload type 2 with dire consequences on animal welfare. To reduce the risk of compromising the animal welfare during commercial vaccination of salmon one propose to grade the fish minimum a week prior to vaccination, or grade simultaneously with vaccination. This could reduce the overall allostatic load during handling and vaccination, and secure a healthy fish, with intact immune response and improved animal welfare.3

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“…The magnitude of this response in fish is commonly determined by the measurement of the plasma hormone cortisol (Pottinger and Carrick, 2001;Hosoya et al, 2007;Cairns et al, 2008;Fast et al, 2008). Although these initial increases in hormone and metabolite levels may be indicative of the activation of the stress response, they may not reflect the true nature of what is occurring in the fish, particularly during long-term stress when these markers have returned to baseline levels.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acute phase gene expression in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) after exposure to a confinement stressor: A comparison of pooled and individual data

Talbot

Pottinger

Smith

et al. 2009

Fish & Shellfish Immunology

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Cortisol response and immune-related effects of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar Linnaeus) subjected to short- and long-term stress

Cited by 222 publications

References 46 publications

Physiological responses and non-specific immune parameters in Epinephelus moara exposed to repeated physical stress

Physiological responses and non-specific immune parameters in Epinephelus moara exposed to repeated physical stress

The effect of allostatic load on hypothalamic–pituitary–interrenal (HPI) axis before and after secondary vaccination in Atlantic salmon postsmolts (Salmo salar L.)

Acute phase gene expression in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) after exposure to a confinement stressor: A comparison of pooled and individual data

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