Cortico-spinal inhibition reflects time but not event preparation: neural mechanisms of preparation dissociated by transcranial magnetic stimulation

Hasbroucq, Thierry; Osman, Allen; Possamaï, Camille‐Aimé; Burle, Borı́s; Carron, Stéphane; Dépy, Delphine; Latour, S.; Mouret, Isabelle

doi:10.1016/s0001-6918(99)00007-4

Cited by 75 publications

(66 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…Our results also point to the involvement of an inhibitory mechanism. A few earlier TMS studies, which used constant preparatory delays, have reported inhibition of MEPs during motor preparation (Hasbroucq, Kaneko, et al, 1999;Hasbroucq, Osman, et al, 1999;Touge, Taylor, & Rothwell, 1998;Hasbroucq, Kaneko, Akamatsu, & Possamai, 1997). In our experiments we found similar effects: the modulation of the MEPs in Experiment 1 initiated below baseline; in Experiment 2, the MEP amplitudes in the BETWEEN condition were also suppressed relative to baseline.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 84%

Expectancy Induces Dynamic Modulation of Corticospinal Excitability

Elswijk

Kleine²,

Overeem³

et al. 2007

Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience

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Abstract& Behavioral studies using motor preparation paradigms have revealed that increased expectancy of a response signal shortens reaction times (RTs). Neurophysiological data suggest that in such paradigms, not only RT but also neuronal activity in the motor structures involved is modulated by expectancy of behaviorally relevant events. Here, we directly tested whether expectancy of a response signal modulates excitability of the corticospinal system used in the subsequent movement. We combined single-and paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) over the primary motor cortex with a simple RT task with variable preparatory delays. We found that, in line with typical behavioral observations, the subjects' RTs decreased with increasing response signal expectancy. TMS results revealed a modulation of corticospinal excitability in correspondence with response signal expectancy. Besides an increased excitability over the time-course of the preparatory delay, corticospinal excitability transiently increased whenever a response signal was expected. Paired-pulse TMS showed that this modulation is unlikely to be mediated by excitability changes in interneuronal inhibitory or facilitatory networks in the primary motor cortex. Changes in corticospinal synchronization or other mechanisms involving spinal circuits are candidates mediating the modulation of corticospinal excitability by expectancy. &

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 84%

Expectancy Induces Dynamic Modulation of Corticospinal Excitability

Elswijk

Kleine²,

Overeem³

et al. 2007

Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience

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“…When a choice pits homologous effectors against each other, the ipsilateral activity may be suppressed to facilitate the correct choice. In line with this interpretation, TMS studies with choice RT tasks have shown that corticomotor excitability is reduced in a nonselected effector as participants prepare and execute responses with a competing effector (Duque et al, 2010Hasbroucq et al 1999b;Labruna et al 2014;Leocani et al 2000;van den Hurk et al 2007;Verleger et al 2009), an effect that has been interpreted to reflect the operation of a "competition resolution" mechanism (Duque et al 2010Klein et al 2012;Labruna et al 2014). On the basis of these separate lines of evidence, we predicted that response complexity would selectively modulate motor excitability during the preparation of responses when there is a competition, i.e., a choice between the two hands.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 83%

“…Models have accounted for preparatory inhibition by referring to mechanisms associated with response competition (Duque et al 2010Swinnen 2002;van den Berg et al 2011;Verstynen and Ivry 2011) and impulse control (Aron 2011;Dalley et al 2011;Davranche et al 2007;Duque et al 2010Duque et al , 2012Frank 2006;Hasbroucq et al 1999b;Sinclair and Hammond 2009). In the following sections, we review how the current results inform these models and highlight alternative hypotheses concerning how inhibitory processes influence corticospinal excitability during response preparation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Signatures of this inhibition have been observed in studies that use transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to elicit motor evoked potentials (MEPs) during the preparatory period of delayed-response tasks (Duque and Ivry 2009;Duque et al 2010Duque et al , 2012Duque et al , 2014Hasbroucq et al 1997Hasbroucq et al , 1999aHasbroucq et al , 1999bLabruna et al 2014;Hammond 2008, 2009;van den Hurk et al 2007). MEP amplitudes are consistently reduced during this preparatory period relative to resting baseline measurements.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Inhibition during response preparation is sensitive to response complexity

Greenhouse

Saks

Hoang

et al. 2015

Journal of Neurophysiology

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Greenhouse I, Saks D, Hoang T, Ivry RB. Inhibition during response preparation is sensitive to response complexity. J Neurophysiol 113: 2792-2800, 2015. First published February 25, 2015 doi:10.1152/jn.00999.2014.-Motor system excitability is transiently suppressed during the preparation of movement. This preparatory inhibition is hypothesized to facilitate response selection and initiation. Given that demands on selection and initiation processes increase with movement complexity, we hypothesized that complexity would influence preparatory inhibition. To test this hypothesis, we probed corticospinal excitability during a delayed-response task in which participants were cued to prepare right-or left-hand movements of varying complexity. Single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation was applied over right primary motor cortex to elicit motor evoked potentials (MEPs) from the first dorsal interosseous (FDI) of the left hand. MEP suppression was greater during the preparation of responses involving coordination of the FDI and adductor digiti minimi relative to easier responses involving only the FDI, independent of which hand was cued to respond. In contrast, this increased inhibition was absent when the complex responses required sequential movements of the two muscles. Moreover, complexity did not influence the level of inhibition when the response hand was fixed for the trial block, regardless of whether the complex responses were performed simultaneously or sequentially. These results suggest that preparatory inhibition contributes to response selection, possibly by suppressing extraneous movements when responses involve the simultaneous coordination of multiple effectors.

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“…The most reasonable interpretation of these findings is that slowing in RTs among older individuals is directly associated with a decline in preparatory processes in the dominant hemisphere. Evidence from earlier studies showed that decrease of RTs in short (500-1,000 ms) preparatory periods is accompanied by reduction in CS excitability at the expected onset of the imperative stimulus (Davranche et al 2007;Duque and Ivry 2009;Duque et al 2010;Fujiyama et al 2011;Hasbroucq et al 1997Hasbroucq et al , 1999Hammond 2008, 2009;Tandonnet et al 2003Tandonnet et al , 2010). In the current study, lower suppression of MEPs yet longer RTs in the older individuals may appear seemingly contradictory.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Age-related differences in corticospinal excitability during a choice reaction time task

Cuypers

Thijs

Duqué

et al. 2012

AGE

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Age-related declines in central processing may affect corticospinal (CS) excitability that underlies the emergence of voluntary responses to external stimuli. We used single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) over the primary motor cortex to explore the evolution of CS excitability in 14 young and ten elderly healthy right-handed participants. Motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) were elicited in the right or left first dorsal interosseus (FDI) during the preparatory and premotor periods of a choice reaction time (CRT) task, which required selection of left or right index finger responses. Both age groups showed significant suppression of CS excitability in the preparatory period. However, suppression was generally less pronounced in older than in young adults. Moreover, our data indicated that a reduced suppression in the right FDI during the preparatory period was associated with longer reaction times (RTs) in older adults only. In the premotor period, both age groups demonstrated comparable facilitation levels towards movement onset. Our findings indicate that increased RTs among older individuals could be directly associated with declines in preparatory processes.

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Cortico-spinal inhibition reflects time but not event preparation: neural mechanisms of preparation dissociated by transcranial magnetic stimulation

Cited by 75 publications

References 37 publications

Expectancy Induces Dynamic Modulation of Corticospinal Excitability

Expectancy Induces Dynamic Modulation of Corticospinal Excitability

Inhibition during response preparation is sensitive to response complexity

Age-related differences in corticospinal excitability during a choice reaction time task

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