“…A survey by the UNDOC (2013) shows bribery in cash or kind is a prime concern in the public procurement. Several empirical studies on the relationship between corruption and growth, reported a negative overall effect of corruption on output growth (Bardhan, 1997;Tanzi & Hamid, 1997;Tanzi & Hamid, 2000;Mo, 2001;Johann Graf Lambsdorff, 2003;Pellegrini & Gerlagh, 2004;Ugur & Dasgupta, 2011) except a few empirical studies (Rock & Bonnett, 2004;Andrew Wedeman, 2012) which have theorised East Asian paradox". Using data drawn from the early 1980s through the mid-1990s, Rock and Bonnett (2004) noted that although perceived corruption has a negative relationship with growth and investment in most countries (especially small developing countries), this relationship becomes positive in a sub-sample consisting of five large, newly-industrialising Asian countries (China, Indonesia, South Korea, Thailand, and Japan).…”