Corruption as a Self-Fulfilling Prophecy: Evidence from a Survey Experiment in Costa Rica

Abstract

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Functionality of the Crosswise Model for Assessing Sensitive or Transgressive Behavior: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

“…Of these, 49 pairs used specific birthday months with P ranging between 0.08 (1/12 months) and 0.25 (3/12 months). In five cases (Eslami et al, 2013;Nakhaee et al, 2013;Khosravi et al, 2015;Nasirian et al, 2018;Safiri et al, 2019), season (e.g., spring) was used which is open for interpretation Substance use and misuse Nakhaee et al, 2013;Shamsipour et al, 2014;Höglinger et al, 2016;Mirzazadeh et al, 2018;Banayejeddi et al, 2019;Safiri et al, 2019;Özgül, 2020;Canan et al, 2021Shamsipour et al, 2014Mirzazadeh et al, 2018;Safiri et al, 2019 Academic misconduct Coutts et al, 2011;Jann et al, 2012;Höglinger et al, 2016;Hopp and Speil, 2019;Jerke et al, 2021Coutts et al, 2011Jann et al, 2012;Jerke et al, 2021 Corruption, tax evasion, and theft Korndörfer et al, 2014;Kundt, 2014;Gingerich et al, 2015;Höglinger and Jann, 2018;Hopp and Speil, 2019;Oliveros and Gingerich, 2020 Health and STDs Mirzazadeh et al, 2018;Nasirian et al, 2018 Sexual behavior and infidelity Mirzazadeh et al, 2018;Klimas et al, 2019;Lacker et al, 2020 Substance use and misuse Khosravi et al, 2015;Kazemzadeh et al, 2016;Heck et al, 2018;…”

Self-Censorship in Authoritarian States: Response Bias in Measures of Popular Support in China

“…Political scientists have employed the technique to study sensitive topics such as: race relations (Kuklinski, Cobb and Gilens, 1997); corruption; (Gingerich et al, 2016); vote turnout (Holbrook and Krosnick, 2010); vote buying (Gonzalez-Ocantos et al, 2012); electoral rights (Corstange, 2009); opposition violence (Weghorst, 2011); electoral support (Kalinin, 2016); and approval ratings of autocratic leaders (Frye et al, 2017). List experiments allows respondents to hide their true opinion on a sensitive topic by asking them to indicate the number of items on a list of propositions with which they agree or oppose (Frye et al, 2017), activities in which they engage (Kuklinski, Cobb and Gilens, 1997;Holbrook and Krosnick, 2010), or things that upset them (Kuklinski, Cobb and Gilens, 1997).…”

A Bitter Pill? Institutional Corruption and the Challenge of Antibribery Compliance in the Pharmaceutical Sector

“…Transparency International, a Berlin-based non-governmental organization, in the form of the Corruption Perceptions Index and Bribe Payers Index are widely used, but also acknowledged to be prone to systematic biases (Andersson and Heywood, 2009;Gingerich et al, 2015). Survey-based measures may also lack comparability across countries, owing to cultural differences in how bribery and corruption are defined and perceived.…”

“…Measuring bribery and corruption is extremely problematic, owing to the secretive nature of bribery and the ability of those engaged in bribery to cover up their actions (Kaufman, Kraay, & Mastruzzi, 2009;Lancaster & Montiloa, 1997;Svensson, 2005). The country-level survey-based measures of corruption provided by Transparency International, a Berlin-based nongovernmental organization, in the form of the Corruption Perceptions Index and Bribe Payers Index are widely used, but also acknowledged to be prone to systematic biases (Andersson & Heywood, 2009;Gingerich, Oliveros, Corbacho, & Ruiz-Vega, 2015). Surveybased measures may also lack comparability across countries, owing to cultural differences in how bribery and corruption are defined and perceived.…”