Corrosion update. Oil and gas production. Hrsg. von <i>R. S. Treseder</i> und <i>R. N. Tuttle</i>, 412 S., ohne Abbildungen, NACE International, Houston 1994, $ 143.00, (NACE Member: $ 100.00)

Stichel, W.

doi:10.1002/maco.19950460513

Cited by 10 publications

(13 citation statements)

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“…O, S and Fe are identified over the analyzed surface. These elements might indicate the formation of FeO, Fe 2 O 3 , Fe 3 O 4 , besides some sulfides such as mackinawite (FeS 1-x ), as it has been reported in the literature [38][39][40]. Figure 13 shows that carbon, calcium, iron, and chloride are distributed in certain regions in a higher proportion than in others; it is highlighted the almost uniform distribution of oxygen and sulfide through corrosion products.…”

Section: Sem-edx Microanalysis Of Corrosion Products On Api X70 After...supporting

confidence: 54%

“…Figure 8 show the mapped images after the formation of corrosion products on the steel surface after 3 h. These elements might indicate the formation of FeO, Fe 2 O 3 , Fe 3 O 4 , besides some sulfides such as mackinawite (FeS 1-x ), as it has been reported in the literature [38][39][40]. Carbon, calcium, chloride, and sodium are distributed in certain regions and iron and sulfur are distributed all over the surface.…”

Section: Sem-edx Microanalysis Of Corrosion Products On Api X70 After...mentioning

confidence: 67%

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Surface analyses of corrosion products formed on API X-70 steel in sour brine after testing in a pipe loop

Tobón

Cruz

Domínguez-Aguilar

et al. 2023

Mater. Res. Express

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Flow assisted corrosion (FAC) is a problem of pipeline systems that handle high flow rates and strong direction changes. In the present investigation, FAC was tested on carbon steel exposed to the NACE 1D-196 environment by means an experimental pipe loop. As the exposure time increased, corrosion products formed a mixture of oxides, sulfides, and an apparent sulfate (rhombohedral mikasaite Fe2 (SO4)3), which was found in greater proportion and appeared to have a significant effect on decreasing corrosion rate. Transmission electron microscopy and X ray diffraction patterns seemed to confirm the presence of a sulfate and some oxides as the major chemical species contained in the corrosion products.

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Section: Sem-edx Microanalysis Of Corrosion Products On Api X70 After...supporting

confidence: 54%

Section: Sem-edx Microanalysis Of Corrosion Products On Api X70 After...mentioning

confidence: 67%

Surface analyses of corrosion products formed on API X-70 steel in sour brine after testing in a pipe loop

Tobón

Cruz

Domínguez-Aguilar

et al. 2023

Mater. Res. Express

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show abstract

“…The stability of this compound depends on the H 2 S concentration and transporting conditions. 31,32…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterisation and comparison of corrosion products originated in steel pipelines transporting sour gas and crude oil

Gayosso

Nava

Olivares

2016

Corrosion Engineering, Science and Technology

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In this work, X-ray diffraction and Mössbauer spectroscopy techniques were used to characterise and carry out a comparison of the corrosion products obtained during the pigging activities in two sour-hydrocarbon-transporting pipelines located in the Gulf of Mexico: the first one being a gas pipeline and the other one a crude oil pipeline. The results indicate that for these specific conditions, there are differences between the corrosion products formed in each pipeline. Iron sulphides and oxides were the main corrosion products and their presence is directly related to the operating conditions prevailing in the pipelines as well as to the hydrocarbon quality. As for the sour gas pipeline, higher concentrations of greigite and pyrite were observed, whereas more proportions of magnetite, mackinawite and marcasite were found in the sour crude oil pipeline. The most important parameters in the formation of the different types of corrosion products are the water content, hydrogen sulphide concentration and oxygen presence in the system.

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“…116 Type I: cold pitting corrosion Type I: cold water pitting, the most common of all. 117 It occurs in room temperature hard waters, with high conductivity, high alkalinity, high sulphate concentration, low total organic carbon and microorganisms. The pits are spherical, which is an indication of diffusion control of corrosion reactants to the copper surface.…”

Section: Copper Corrosion In Drinking Distribution Systemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Copper deterioration: causes, diagnosis and risk minimisation

Bastidas¹,

Criado²,

Fajardo³

et al. 2010

International Materials Reviews

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Copper is widely used in many applications such as heat exchangers, condensers, heating and air conditioning systems, electricity, electronic circuitry and ornamental parts. This paper reviews the issue of copper corrosion in different environments and applications. Special attention is paid to the influence of relative humidity and low molecular weight carboxylic acids. These acids are present in rain, snow, clouds and particulate matter and contribute about 15-35% of rain acidity. Attention is also paid to copper corrosion originated by formic, acetic, propionic and butyric acid vapours. Corrosion product layers (patina) are analysed, showing the relationship between potential and current density cathodic peaks, and models are proposed that show a proportionality factor of the dimensions of a resistor. These results are of practical importance in copper roofing applications. Before 1985, copper was almost universally considered to be a corrosion resistant conduit of potable water, and few instances of copper tube failure were reported. Where unacceptable performance was identified, the problem was usually attributed to reticulation and plumbing systems. In air conditioning applications, premature failure of copper tubing frequently occurs due to pitting corrosion after a short time in service or even during postinstallation leakage tests. This type of corrosion is described in the literature as formicary corrosion, and its morphology is characterised by microscopic caverns connected by tunnels. Specimens are analysed to assess the reasons for such premature corrosion failure. Finally, procedures to mitigate copper corrosion are addressed. Pickling in dilute mineral acids (H 2 SO 4 and HCl) is discussed as the most common method for removing oxides formed on the surface of copper based materials during mill processing and manufacturing operations. The use of corrosion inhibitors, such as immersion corrosion inhibitors and volatile corrosion inhibitors (VCI), is a widespread practice to reduce copper corrosion, achieving significant delays in the corrosion process. Reference is made to the search for new environmentally friendly inhibitors for copper and bronze using organic compounds in acid, neutral and alkaline media, and a number of ecological alternatives are reviewed.

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Corrosion update. Oil and gas production. Hrsg. von R. S. Treseder und R. N. Tuttle, 412 S., ohne Abbildungen, NACE International, Houston 1994, $ 143.00, (NACE Member: $ 100.00)

Cited by 10 publications

References 0 publications

Surface analyses of corrosion products formed on API X-70 steel in sour brine after testing in a pipe loop

Surface analyses of corrosion products formed on API X-70 steel in sour brine after testing in a pipe loop

Characterisation and comparison of corrosion products originated in steel pipelines transporting sour gas and crude oil

Copper deterioration: causes, diagnosis and risk minimisation

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