Corrosion of Stainless Steels and Carbon Steel by Molten Mixtures of Commercial Nitrate Salts

Goods, S.H.; Bradshaw, Robert W.

doi:10.1361/10599490417542

Cited by 171 publications

(68 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…In this study, we consider the medium temperature range (500-650 • C). In the medium temperature range commercial, inexpensive [35] solar salt (0.6 NaNO 3 + 0.4 KNO 3 ) can be used as HTF and stainless steel that shows adequate corrosion resistance towards solar salt [36,37] can be used as a structural material. Present solar power towers using solar salt can offer bulk HTF temperatures as high as 565 • C [38].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stop Smoking—Tube-In-Tube Helical System for Flameless Calcination of Minerals

2017

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Mineral calcination worldwide accounts for some 5-10% of all anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emissions per year. Roughly half of the CO 2 released results from burning fossil fuels for heat generation, while the other half is a product of the calcination reaction itself. Traditionally, the fuel combustion process and the calcination reaction take place together to enhance heat transfer. Systems have been proposed that separate fuel combustion and calcination to allow for the sequestration of pure CO 2 from the calcination reaction for later storage/use and capture of the combustion gases. This work presents a new tube-in-tube helical system for the calcination of minerals that can use different heat transfer fluids (HTFs), employed or foreseen in concentrated solar power (CSP) plants. The system is labeled 'flameless' since the HTF can be heated by other means than burning fossil fuels. If CSP or high-temperature nuclear reactors are used, direct CO 2 emissions can be divided in half. The technical feasibility of the system has been accessed with a brief parametric study here. The results suggest that the introduced system is technically feasible given the parameters (total heat transfer coefficients, mass-and volume flows, outer tube friction factors, and -Nusselt numbers) that are examined. Further experimental work will be required to better understand the performance of the tube-in-tube helical system for the flameless calcination of minerals.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stop Smoking—Tube-In-Tube Helical System for Flameless Calcination of Minerals

2017

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“…In the present case, the reagent grade salts had an initial chloride content of only 0.03 wt%. Since chloride has been found to increase corrosion rates (1,4,5), a decision was made to intentionally dope the mixture with chloride to near 0.1 wt% reflecting the maximum concentration likely to be encountered in the salts that would eventually be used in an actual CSP facility. NaCl and KCl were added in appropriate amounts to reach a final chloride-ion content of ~0.10 wt% for the test.…”

Section: -2mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…al. derived annual metal losses of 6-15 um for 316 stainless steel at 565°C for salts containing various levels of chloride [1] [4]. A recent study by Kruizenga examined 347 stainless steel at 600°C and projected an annual metal loss of 10.4 um [2].…”

Section: Weight Loss Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Appreciable amounts of chromium, and manganese were present in the inner layer likely having been substituted for the iron in the spinel structure. The outer iron oxide composed solely of iron and oxygen is likely either Fe 3 O 4 or Fe 2 O 3 , again based on elemental analysis and other research reports [1][2][3][4][5]. Cr would not be expected in the outer layer to any appreciable extent, as it has a high solubility (as complex anions with oxygen) in the molten nitrate salt [5].…”

Section: Eds Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Austenitic stainless steels have been identified as prime candidates for most hot salt (>500°C) handling based on several studies [1][2][3][4][5]. The work presented here was intended to confirm the generally acceptable behavior of these materials, to develop corrosion rates for potential hot salt containment materials and to optimize the material selection from a cost standpoint (that is, to demonstrate the similarities or differences in the molten salt corrosion behavior between stabilized or non-stabilized grades of stainless steel).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Comparison of corrosion performance of grade 316 and grade 347H stainless steels in molten nitrate salt

Trent¹,

Goods²,

Bradshaw³

2016

AIP Conference Proceedings

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Thermophysical properties and corrosion characterization of low cost lithium containing nitrate salts produced in northern Chile for thermal energy storage AIP Conference Proceedings 1734, 050014 (2016) Abstract. Stainless steel samples machined from SA-312 TP316 and SA-213 TP347H pipe were exposed to a molten nitrate salt environment at 600°C (1112°F) for up to 3000 hours in order to generate corrosion rates for use in concentrated solar power (CSP) facilities. Descaled weight loss measurements were made at 1000, 2000, and 3000 hours, with optical and scanning electron microscopy being performed on samples at the longest exposure time. The 316 and 347H alloys exhibited metal losses of 4.4 and 4.8 um respectively at 3000 hours. A linear fit to the data sets yielded annualized metal loss rates of 8.4 and 8.8 um/yr. The oxides were relatively uniform in thickness and multilayered. The inner layer consisted of a (Fe, Cr)-spinel with appreciable amounts of Mn while the outer layer was an oxide composed of only Fe. No pitting, intergranular attack, or other localized attack was found, despite the presence of a sensitized microstructure in both alloys and chloride impurity in the salt mixture. The observations presented here indicate that the two alloys perform quite comparably with respect to molten salt-induced corrosion and in that regard; either would be expected to perform satisfactorily in the intended application.

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Concentrated Solar Power Plants and Storage

OLIVÈS

2024

Heat and Cold Storage 1

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Corrosion of Stainless Steels and Carbon Steel by Molten Mixtures of Commercial Nitrate Salts

Cited by 171 publications

References 10 publications

Stop Smoking—Tube-In-Tube Helical System for Flameless Calcination of Minerals

Stop Smoking—Tube-In-Tube Helical System for Flameless Calcination of Minerals

Comparison of corrosion performance of grade 316 and grade 347H stainless steels in molten nitrate salt

Concentrated Solar Power Plants and Storage

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