Corrosion of metallic materials in flowing liquid lead-bismuth

Influence of Zn as a spallation product on the behaviour of martensitic steel T91 and austenitic steel 316L in liquid Pb–Bi

“…The steel/Pb-Bi interface observed by optical microscopy after immersion confirmed this behaviour and the X-ray images did not indicate any modification of the distribution of the steel elements. At these temperatures, the results which were obtained agreed with those previously obtained [2]: even for such a low oxygen concentration (which is below the oxygen concentration required to form the most stable of the iron oxides which is magnetite at this temperature, Fe 3 O 4 ), the native oxide layer which is partly made of chromium oxide and spinel is stable at these temperatures. It is a protection against corrosion by dissolution in the tested conditions.…”

“…However, chromium oxide as well as Fe-Cr spinel which are part of the native oxide layer on such a steel are stable in the tested conditions and it could explain that some parts of the specimen were corrosion free. An oxide layer on T91 steel specimens was already observed at the same temperature and in nearly the same experimental conditions [2].…”

“…It is almost completely depleted in Mn (0.1 wt%), severely depleted in Ni (1.5 wt%) and slightly depleted in Cr (10 wt%). Such a ferritic layer was already observed, even at lower temperatures [2,3]. Moreover, at 600°C, even for higher oxygen concentrations (10 À6 wt%), the 316L steel suffered significant damages in Pb-Bi and could not be used for long durations [2].…”

Corrosion behaviors of US steels in flowing lead–bismuth eutectic (LBE)

“…Several experimental studies addressing the corrosion and oxidation issues in lead or lead-bismuth 0022-3115/$ -see front matter Ó 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.jnucmat.2004.08.002 systems have been published in the recent past [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11]. These experiments show that the temperature, oxygen concentration, flow velocity, steel composition, etc.…”

Oxidation Mechanism of Steels in Liquid–Lead Alloys

“…[7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17] Several important conclusions can be drawn from previous experiments. 18 However, the results are still scarce and scattered and we cannot reach definitive conclusions or correlations between corrosion/oxidation and hydraulic factors, oxygen concentration, and steel composition based on the available data.…”