Correlations between cytoplasmic CSE1L in neoplastic colorectal glands and depth of tumor penetration and cancer stage

Abstract

BackgroundColorectal carcinomas spread easily to nearby tissues around the colon or rectum, and display strong potential for invasion and metastasis. CSE1L, the chromosome segregation 1-like protein, is implicated in cancer progression and is located in both the cytoplasm and nuclei of tumor cells. We investigated the prognostic significance of cytoplasmic vs. nuclear CSE1L expression in colorectal cancer.MethodsThe invasion- and metastasis-stimulating activities of CSE1L were studied by in vitro invasion and animal experiments. CSE1L expression in colorectal cancer was assayed by immunohistochemistry, with tissue microarray consisting of 128 surgically resected specimens; and scored using a semiquantitative method. The correlations between CSE1L expression and clinicopathological parameters were analyzed.ResultsCSE1L overexpression was associated with increased invasiveness and metastasis of cancer cells. Non-neoplastic colorectal glands showed minimal CSE1L staining, whereas most colorectal carcinomas (99.2%, 127/128) were significantly positive for CSE1L staining. Cytoplasmic CSE1L was associated with cancer stage (P=0.003) and depth of tumor penetration (P=0.007). Cytoplasmic CSE1L expression also correlated with lymph node metastasis of the disease in Cox regression analysisConclusionsCSE1L regulates the invasiveness and metastasis of cancer cells, and immunohistochemical analysis of cytoplasmic CSE1L in colorectal tumors may provide a useful aid to prognosis.

Does CSE1L Overexpression Affect Distant Metastasis Development in Breast Cancer?

“…In our study, there were no benign lesions, and the breast cancer patients who presented with distant metastasis in the follow-up period showed significant nuclear CSE1L overexpression (p = 0.0001). Although the effect of cytoplasmic CSE1L on regional lymph node metastasis in colorectal cancer was revealed in an experimental study [13], we did not come to the same conclusion, probably because of the unequal number of lymph node-negative and -positive patients in the present study. Nuclear grade and axillary lymph node positivity were the other 2 factors affecting distant metastasis (p = 0.04 and p = 0.004, respectively).…”

“…For this reason, it may be regarded as a prognostic factor in colorectal cancer [13,14,17]. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study in the literature revealing a relationship between CSE1L and distant metastasis in breast cancer.…”

“…It was also shown that CSE1L enhances invasion and metastasis [9,11,12]. Higher CSE1L expression levels are correlated with increased cancer stage and poor survival [13]. However, the majority of these studies were experimental and based on either animal models or in vitro cell cultures, and experimental evidence does not always match up with the results of clinical studies.…”

“…Clinical, pathological, and biological factors such as tumor size, axillary lymph node status, hormone receptor status, and HER2 status play a role in risk stratification and affect the choice of treatment modality in breast cancer [16]. CSE1L seems to be the new biological marker for metastasis and recurrence of melanomas, lymphomas, breast cancers, hepatomas, ovarian cancer, and colon cancers, and has provided food for discussion in recent years [6,9,11,12,13,17,18,19]. …”

“…The sites of peroxidase activity were visualized using diaminobenzidine (3,3'-diaminobenzidine tetrahydrochloride) as substrate, and were counterstained using Mayer's hematoxylin. The technique and the semiquantitative immunohistochemical scoring system used in this study were the same as in previously published studies [13,14]. The percentage of immunoreactive cells was combined with the estimated staining intensity.…”