Correlation of resting and exercising endoscopic findings for horses with dynamic laryngeal collapse and palatal dysfunction

Barakzai, Safia; Dixon, Padraic

doi:10.1111/j.2042-3306.2010.00108.x

Cited by 66 publications

(86 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…In the present study, abnormal arytenoid function at exercise was observed in 33% of horses evaluated for poor performance and/or respiratory noise. Dynamic endoscopy in similar populations has detected this in approximately 8% -40% of horses (Allen & Franklin 2010;Barakzai & Dixon 2011;Dart et al 2001;Desmaizieres et al 2009;Tan et al 2005). Dorsal displacement of the soft palate was also one of the most commonly detected abnormalities in the present study (25%) (Figure 7), similar to the proportion of horses reported with DDSP in comparative populations: 19% (Pollock et al 2009), 26% (Witte et al 2011) and28% (Desmaizieres et al 2009).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

“…Initially, URT endoscopy could only be performed with the horse standing at rest. Abnormal conditions detectable during resting URT endoscopy include recurrent laryngeal neuropathy (RLN), dorsal displacement of the soft palate (DDSP), epiglottic abnormalities, arytenoid chondritis and pharyngeal lymphoid hyperplasia (Barakzai & Dixon 2011;Desmaizieres et al 2009;Perkins et al 2009;Pollock et al 2009). These conditions are often associated with poor performance and/or respiratory noise at work (Martin et al 2000).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It allowed detection of conditions that are not apparent during resting examinations such as palatal instability (PI) (Lane et al 2006), intermittent DDSP (Barakzai & Dixon 2011;Desmaizieres et al 2009;Lane et al 2006;Pollock et al 2009), left corniculate process collapse (LCPC) (Barakzai & Dixon 2011), axial deviation of aryepiglottic folds (ADAF) (King et al 2001), vocal cord collapse (VCC) (Barakzai & Dixon 2011) and nasopharyngeal collapse (NPC) (Boyle et al 2006;Strand & Staempfli 1993). In addition, it provided more information about arytenoid function at exercise (Barakzai & Dixon 2011;Desmaizieres et al 2009;Franklin 2008;Pollock et al 2009). Although HSTE allows the examiner to identify dynamic conditions, it may not replicate exercise during field conditions because surface, rider, tack and environmental variables are altered (Desmaizieres et al 2009;Franklin, Burnt & Allen 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Dynamic upper respiratory abnormalities in Thoroughbred racehorses in South Africa

Mirazo¹,

Page²,

Rubio‐Martínez³

et al. 2014

J S Afr Vet Assoc

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Upper airway endoscopy at rest has been the diagnostic method of choice for equine upper respiratory tract (URT) conditions. Development of high-speed treadmill endoscopy improved the sensitivity of URT endoscopy by allowing observation of the horse’s nasopharynx and larynx during exercise. However, treadmill exercise may not always accurately represent the horse’s normal exercise as track surface, rider, tack and environmental variables are altered. Recently, the development of dynamic overground endoscopy (DOE) has addressed some of these shortcomings. A retrospective study was undertaken to describe the URT abnormalities detected during DOE in racehorses presenting with poor performance and/or abnormal respiratory noise. Patient records of Thoroughbred racehorses undergoing DOE from November 2011 to August 2012 were reviewed. Data collected included signalment, primary complaint, distance exercised, maximum speed and dynamic airway abnormalities detected. Fifty-two horses underwent DOE for investigation of poor performance and/or abnormal respiratory noise. The main abnormalities detected included axial deviation of the aryepiglottic folds (40%), vocal cord collapse (35%), abnormal arytenoid function (33%) and dorsal displacement of the soft palate (25%). A total of 40 horses were diagnosed with one or more abnormalities of the URT (77%). Fifteen horses (29%) had a single abnormality and 25 horses (48%) had multiple abnormalities. This study showed that DOE is a useful technique for investigating dynamic disorders of the URT in racehorses in South Africa. The total number and type of dynamic pathological conditions were comparable with those identified in similar populations in other geographical locations.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Dynamic upper respiratory abnormalities in Thoroughbred racehorses in South Africa

Mirazo¹,

Page²,

Rubio‐Martínez³

et al. 2014

J S Afr Vet Assoc

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“…The number of horses with DDSP in this study was comparable to other studies (Morris and Seeherman 1991, Kannegieter and Dore 1995, Martin et al 2000, Tan et al 2005, Desmaizieres et al 2009, Barakzai and Dixon 2011. However, this dysfunction was diagnosed as the sole obstruction in only 10 % of horses.…”

Section: Frequencies Of Dynamic Obstructionssupporting

confidence: 85%

Frequencies of dynamic obstructions of the upper respiratory tract in 135 Thoroughbreds during on-board exercise endoscopy

Oellers¹,

Barton²,

Ohnesorge³

2018

PHK

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Summary:The frequencies of dynamic obstructions in thoroughbreds were investigated by performing on-board exercise endoscopy in 135 horses. 17 of these horses showed abnormal respiratory noise only and 35 solely poor performance. In 39 cases, both was reported. In addition, 44 horses underwent endoscopy without any clinical signs. In all of 56 horses that exhibited an audible abnormal respiratory noise, an obstruction of the upper respiratory tract was present. Overall, dynamic upper airway obstructions were detected in 72.6 % (98/135). The most commonly diagnosed obstruction was axial deviation of the aryepiglottic fold (ADAF) in 55.1% of horses (54/98). 24.4 % (24/98) showed palatal instability (PI), 30.6 % (30/98) dorsal displacement of the soft palate (DDSP) and 11.2 % (11/98) arytenoid cartilage collapse (ACC). Furthermore, 53.1% (52/98) of horses had abnormalities in the area of the vocal folds. Of these horses, 13 had unilateral or bilateral vocal cord collapse (VCC) and 8 displayed vibration of the vocal cords. 31 horses showed axial deviation in the area of the caudal vocal fold (ADPV) as a sole abnormality. By the new description of these ADPV, the origin of the abnormal respiratory noise in a further proportion of horses could be explained. Including ADPV, an obstruction of the upper airways was observed in all horses (100 %) with specified abnormal respiratory noise. If only horses with long or continuous (> 8 sec) DDSP were taken into account, abnormal respiratory noise was audible in 93.3 % and poor performance was present in 73.3 %. It can thus be assumed that horses with DDSP requiring treatment are clinically apparent either with abnormal respiratory noise or poor performance. Furthermore, it was demonstrated, that in 52.3% of horses without poor performance or abnormal respiratory noise an dynamic upper airway obstruction was identified.

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“…In those of our cases where a significant ACC occurs during exercise and leads to abnormal respiratory noise, it is rare that the resting examination remains subclinical; however, LHP cannot be completely ruled out by resting endoscopic examination as it is documented in our case series and other cases described in the literature [21][22][23].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 74%

Evaluation of Overground Endoscopy Findings in Sport and Pleasure Horses

Joó

Szenci

Bohák

et al. 2015

Journal of Equine Veterinary Science

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a b s t r a c tAny factors that increase negative pressure in the upper respiratory tract (URT) can influence its mechanics. The aim of this report was to describe the results of URT diagnostic evaluation with overground endoscopy in sport and pleasure horses. The URT and plasma lactate levels were evaluated during rest and during overground endoscopic examination in 19 cases. Horses performed their normal training session. When history and clinical examination suggested a lower airway obstruction, we performed bronchoalveolar lavage. Dorsal displacement of the soft palate (DDSP) was diagnosed in 8 of 19 horses, which might have developed secondary to URT or lower respiratory tract inflammation or obstruction. DDSP was also detected at rest in four cases. Laryngeal hemiplegia (LHP) was diagnosed in 15 of 19 horses, 11 of which were complex cases with other types of URT obstructions. Severe pharyngeal collapse (PHC), suspected already at rest, was visible in two cases during exercise. In contrast, PHC diagnosed with nasal occlusion at rest in two cases was fully compensated under the rider. Plasma lactate levels significantly decreased during exercise. All DDSP cases were suspected to be of inflammatory or obstructive origin, which is different from findings in racehorses, where extrinsic causes are more common. Resting endoscopic examinations were sensitive in cases of obstructive origin. LHP and PHC could not be predicted on the basis of findings at rest, and increased neuromuscular activity during exercise could compensate for the problem in less severe cases. Decreased levels of lactate could be explained by the increased clearance during exercise.

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Correlation of resting and exercising endoscopic findings for horses with dynamic laryngeal collapse and palatal dysfunction

Cited by 66 publications

References 22 publications

Dynamic upper respiratory abnormalities in Thoroughbred racehorses in South Africa

Dynamic upper respiratory abnormalities in Thoroughbred racehorses in South Africa

Frequencies of dynamic obstructions of the upper respiratory tract in 135 Thoroughbreds during on-board exercise endoscopy

Evaluation of Overground Endoscopy Findings in Sport and Pleasure Horses

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