Correlation of Laser Doppler Wave Patterns with Underlying Microvascular Anatomy

Braverman, Irwin M.; Keh, Agnes; Goldminz, David

doi:10.1111/1523-1747.ep12484917

Cited by 153 publications

(100 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…The lower one is located near the dermalhypodermal junction that gives rise to arterioles and venules. The second plexus located approximately 1-2 mm below the skin surface represent the boundary between the papillary and reticular dermis (Braverman et al, 1990). Three types of capillaries are found in the human bodycontinuous, fenestrated and discontinuous.…”

Section: Skin Drug Clearancementioning

confidence: 99%

Basic considerations in the dermatokinetics of topical formulations

Nair

Jacob

Al‐Dhubiab

et al. 2013

Braz. J. Pharm. Sci.

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Assessing the bioavailability of drug molecules at the site of action provides better insight into the efficiency of a dosage form. However, determining drug concentration in the skin layers following topical application of dermatological formulations is a great challenge. The protocols followed in oral formulations could not be applied for topical dosage forms. The regulatory agencies are considering several possible approaches such as tape stripping, microdialysis etc. On the other hand, the skin bioavailability assessment of xenobiotics is equally important for topical formulations in order to evaluate the toxicity. It is always possible that drug molecules applied on the skin surface may transport thorough the skin and reaches systemic circulation. Thus the real time measurement of molecules in the skin layer has become obligatory. In the last two decades, quite a few investigations have been carried out to assess the skin bioavailability and toxicity of topical/dermatological products. This review provides current understanding on the basics of dermatokinetics, drug depot formation, skin metabolism and clearance of drug molecules from the skin layers following application of topical formulations.Uniterms: Dermatological formulations/pharmacokinetics. Dermatological formulations/ toxicity. Dermatokinetics. Skin/metabolism. Microdialysis. Tape stripping.A avaliação da biodisponibilidade de moléculas de fármacos no sítio de ação oferece melhor compreensão sobre a eficiência da forma de dosagem. Entretanto, a determinação da concentração de fármaco nas camadas da pele em seguida à aplicação tópica de formulações dermatológicas é um grande desafio. Os protocolos seguidos para as formulações orais não podem ser aplicados para as formulações tópicas. As agências regulatórias consideram várias abordagens possíveis, tape stripping, microdiálise etc. Por outro lado, a avaliação da biodisponibilidade de xenobióticos na pele é igualmente importante para as formulações tópicas para se avaliar a toxicidade. É sempre possível que as moléculas de fármaco aplicadas na superfície da pele sejam transportadas através da pele e alcancem a circulação sistêmica. Assim, a medida em tempo real de moléculas na camada da pele tem se tornado obrigatória. Nas últimas duas décadas, realizaram-se poucas pesquisas para avaliar a biodisponibilidade da pele e a toxicidade de produtos tópicos/dermatológicos. Esta revisão fornece a compreensão atual com base na dermatocinética, formação de fármaco de depósito, metabolismo da pele e o clearance das moléculas de fármaco das camadas da pele em seguida à aplicação de formulações tópicas.Unitermos: Formulações dermatológicas/farmacocinética. Formulações dermatológicas/toxicidade. Dermatocinética Pele/metabolismo. Microdiálise. Tape stripping.

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Section: Skin Drug Clearancementioning

confidence: 99%

Basic considerations in the dermatokinetics of topical formulations

Nair

Jacob

Al‐Dhubiab

et al. 2013

Braz. J. Pharm. Sci.

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“…Thus, basal levels of skin blood flow might have differed between patients and controls. Laser Doppler fluxmetry does not measure blood flow in absolute terms because the signal is influenced by variations in dermal microvascular anatomy [40]. Nevertheless, mean flux, measured in arbitrary units, was greater in participants with severe than mild rosacea, suggesting that flux was elevated in this subgroup.…”

Section: Limitationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Blushing in rosacea sufferers

Drummond

2012

Journal of Psychosomatic Research

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Objective. Rosacea is characterized by extremely sensitive skin and persistent facial flushing, perhaps initiated or exacerbated by frequent or intense blushing. To investigate this, blushing was assessed in rosacea sufferers and controls during embarrassing laboratory tasks.Methods. Changes in forehead blood flow were monitored with laser Doppler fluxmetry in 31 rosacea sufferers (12 with severe symptoms and 19 with mild symptoms) and 86 controls while singing, giving an impromptu speech, and listening to recordings of these activities.Results. Changes in forehead blood flow were similar in rosacea sufferers and controls, and were similar in subgroups with mild and severe rosacea. Even so, rosacea sufferers thought that that they blushed more intensely and were more embarrassed than controls during most of the tasks. Likewise, changes in forehead blood flow were similar in participants with mild and severe rosacea. Nevertheless, ratings of embarrassment and blushing were greater in those with severe than mild symptoms. Within the rosacea group, increases in blood flow while singing were greatest in participants with the highest blushing ratings, whereas increases in blood flow while listening to the speech were greatest in the most embarrassed participants.Conclusions. These findings do not support the hypothesis that blushing is abnormal in rosacea but, nevertheless, suggest that rosacea sufferers are more aware of and embarrassed by blushing than controls. This might contribute to social anxiety in rosacea sufferers.

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“…Due to the small measuring area and the anatomical architecture of the dermal microcirculation, there are considerable variations in blood flow (Braverman et al, 1990). To minimize the problem of spatial variability, several subsequent measurements have to be repeated and the data obtained averaged.…”

Section: Application In Humans: Calibration Validation and Precautionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of Human Skin Microcirculation and Its Endothelial Function Using Laser Doppler Flowmetry

Lenasi¹

2011

Medical Imaging

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Correlation of Laser Doppler Wave Patterns with Underlying Microvascular Anatomy

Cited by 153 publications

References 10 publications

Basic considerations in the dermatokinetics of topical formulations

Basic considerations in the dermatokinetics of topical formulations

Blushing in rosacea sufferers

Assessment of Human Skin Microcirculation and Its Endothelial Function Using Laser Doppler Flowmetry

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