Correlation of Estradiol and Estriol Serum Levels to Melasma Severity in Pregnant Women

Hormonal aspects of skin hyperpigmentation in healthy Kurdish primigravida women in Erbil City

“…Elliott et al, (2004) argue that estrogen may have evolved a pivotal role in establishing, maintaining, and culminating pregnancy. Also, estrogen influences muscle strength and increases uterine muscle contractility and during the gestational term progresses delivery (Cario 2018;Kristiansson and Wang, 2001) The present study findings for progesterone are inconsistent with the results reported by (Rofiq et al, 2019;Bolanca et al, 2008), recording significant maternal serum elevations in the second and third trimester when compared with the first trimester. Progesterone's adaptive increases by placenta predominate later during pregnancy and the initial sources of corpus luteum, fetal and maternal adrenal glands.…”

“…Where it accumulates within melanosomes, tend to develop chloasma observe in gravidity mother, often accompanied by elevated coloration in different areas of the body, including the linea alba, perineal skin and the areola, the majority of which generally blur following parturition (Rofiq et al, 2019;Alves et al, 2005;Slominski et al, 2004).…”

“…Both melanocyte stimulating hormones (MSH) and ACTH are produced by the cleavage of proopiomelanocortin (POMC) after corticotropin-delivering factor (CRF) incitement and afterward MSH follows up on the skin causing hyperpigmentation. Expanded movement of the maternal adrenal and pituitary organs and a commitment from the creating fetal endocrine organs, expanded cortisone levels, sped up metabolism, and upgraded creation of progesterone and estrogenic chemicals are liable for most skin changes in gestation (Friedman et al, 2019;Rofiq et al, 2019). Pregnancy-specific changes are the leading cause of abnormal liver function test during the pregnant state, particularly in the third trimester (Mutua et al, 2019;Mishra et al, 2016).…”