Correlation between Quality and Geographical Origins of Cortex Periplocae, Based on the Qualitative and Quantitative Determination of Chemical Markers Combined with Chemical Pattern Recognition

Abstract

Quality assessment of Cortex Periplocae remains a challenge, due to its complex chemical profile. This study aims to investigate the chemical components of Cortex Periplocae, including its non-volatile and volatile constituents, via liquid chromatograph–mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) assays. The established strategy manifested that Cortex Periplocae from different producing areas was determined by identifying 27 chemical markers with ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography, coupled with quadrupole tandem time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS), including four main groups of cardiac glycosides, organic acids, aldehydes, and oligosaccharides. These groups’ variable importance in the projection (VIP) were greater than 1. Simultaneously, the samples were divided into four categories, combined with multivariate statistical analysis. In addition, in order to further understand the difference in the content of samples from different producing areas, nine chemical markers of Cortex Periplocae from 14 different producing areas were determined by high performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS), and results indicated that the main effective constituents of Cortex Periplocae varied with places of origin. Furthermore, in GC-MS analysis, samples were divided into three groups with multivariate statistical analysis; in addition, 22 differential components whose VIP were greater than 1 were identified, which were principally volatile oils and fatty acids. Finally, the relative contents of seven main volatile constituents were obtained, which varied extremely with the producing areas. The results showed that the LC-MS/MS and GC-MS assays, combined with multivariate statistical analysis for Cortex Periplocae, provided a comprehensive and effective means for its quality evaluation.

Quantitative Comparison and Chemical Profile Analysis of Different Medicinal Parts of Perilla frutescens (L.) Britt. from Different Varieties and Harvest Periods

“…The samples can be categorized intuitively based on the characteristics of their variables. The dendrogram was able to intuitively show the similarities and differences of the tested samples . The HCA diagrams of 18 batches of P.…”

“…The dendrogram was able to intuitively show the similarities and differences of the tested samples. 37 The HCA diagrams of 18 batches of P. frutescens are shown in Figure 1A, which indicated that the 18 batches of P. frutescens were divided into three categories according to the different medicinal parts. The leaf samples S1, S3, S5, S7, S9, and S11 comprised the first category (PFo); S17 and S18 (the seed samples) comprised the second category (PFr); and S2, S4, S6, S8, S10, S12, S14, and S16 (the stem samples) comprised the third category (PCa).…”

Study on the Chemical Profile of Chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium) and the Evaluation of the Similarities and Differences between Different Cultivars

“…The data analysis of GC/MS was followed the methods of the previous studies [31] . The volatile compounds of chrysanthemum have been summarized on the basis of the literatures and the in‐house library.…”

Quantitative Comparison and Chemical Profile of Different Botanical Parts of Panax notoginseng From Different Regions

“…The contents of eight saponins from roots, stems, and leaves were previously compared using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with evaporative light scattering detection (HPLC-ELSD) ( 8 ). Indeed, multiple components of an herb indicate its comprehensive efficacy, and quality assessment based on a few markers has proven to be insufficient ( 20 ). Therefore, it is necessary to determine the multiple constituents of P. notoginseng to assess its quality systematically and comprehensively.…”