Correlates of Salvia divinorum use in a national sample: Findings from the 2009 National Survey on Drug Use and Health

Ford, Jason A.; Watkins, William C.; Blumenstein, Lindsey

doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2011.06.004

Cited by 19 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…The current study aims to investigate the use of the broad category of synthetic stimulants marketed as bath salts and to form a greater demographic profile of users. As research on novel drugs typically indicates that use is heavily concentrated among young adult populations, and especially those in college (Ford, Watkins & Blumenstein 2011;Johnston et al 2013;Miller, Boman & Stogner 2013), the present study focuses on this high-risk group.…”

Section: Bath Salt Prevalencementioning

confidence: 98%

Not-So-Clean Fun: A Profile of Bath Salt Users Among a College Sample in the United States

Miller

Stogner

2014

Journal of Psychoactive Drugs

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This research examines the characteristics of users of synthetic stimulants marketed as "bath salts." Synthetic stimulants such as MDPV (3,4-Methylenedioxypyrovalerone), Mephedrone (4-Methylmethcathinone), and Methylone (3,4-Methylenedioxymethcathinone) are often contained in products sold at convenience stores and over the Internet in the United States. Despite the recent legal action banning these types of synthetic stimulants, little is known about the characteristics of the users of these substances. This research provides a profile of bath salt users in the United States among an emerging adult population. A self-report survey instrument was administered to 2,349 students at a large university in the southeastern United States. Respondents indicated whether they had used synthetic stimulants and reported demographic characteristics. Results indicated that users of bath salts were more likely to be male, Hispanic or Native American, student athletes, employed, identify as a members of the LGBT community, and users of other substances.

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Section: Bath Salt Prevalencementioning

confidence: 98%

Not-So-Clean Fun: A Profile of Bath Salt Users Among a College Sample in the United States

Miller

Stogner

2014

Journal of Psychoactive Drugs

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“…Several lines of evidence point to the rising popularity of recreational Salvia and SA use in the US (4–8). National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) (2006) data suggest that the rates of SA use among adolescents (0.6%) and young adults (1.7%) are greater than that of other common hallucinogenic drugs such as LSD, ketamine, PCP and DMT (9).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dose-Related Behavioral, Subjective, Endocrine, and Psychophysiological Effects of the κ Opioid Agonist Salvinorin A in Humans

Ranganathan

Schnakenberg

Skosnik

et al. 2012

Biological Psychiatry

106

109

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Background Salvia divinorum (Salvia) is an increasingly popular recreational drug amongst adolescents and young adults. Its primary active ingredient, Salvinorin A (SA), a highly selective agonist at the kappa opiate receptor (KOR), is believed to be one of the most potent naturally occurring hallucinogens. However, there is little experimental data on the effects of SA in humans. Methods In a 3-day, double-blind, randomized, crossover, counterbalanced study, the behavioral, subjective, cognitive, psychophysiological and endocrine effects of 0 mg, 8 mg and 12 mg of inhaled SA were characterized in 10 healthy individuals who had previously used Salvia. Results SA produced psychotomimetic effects and perceptual alterations including dissociative and somaesthetic effects, increased plasma cortisol and prolactin and reduced resting EEG spectral power. SA administration was associated with a rapid increase of its levels in the blood. SA did not produce euphoria, cognitive deficits or changes in vital signs. The effects were transient and not dose-related. SA administration was very well tolerated without acute or delayed adverse effects. Conclusions SA produced a wide range of transient effects in healthy subjects. The perceptual altering effects and lack of euphoric effects would explain its intermittent use pattern. Such a profile would also suggest a low addictive potential similar to other hallucinogens and consistent with KOR agonism. Further work is warranted to carefully characterize a full spectrum of its effects in humans, to elucidate the underlying mechanisms involved and to explore the basis for individual variability in its effects.

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“…The lifetime use of salvia reported by Ford et al . () was 1.66% in the group of American adolescents 12–17 years old and 5.08% in adults at the age of 18–34 years. Data obtained from a sample of 42 179 Canadian adolescents aged 12–17 years who responded to the 2008–2009 Youth Smoking Survey revealed that 3.8% and 6.3% of them had used Salvia in the past year and their lifetime, respectively (Currie, ).…”

Section: Prevalence Profile and Motivation For Salvia Divinorum Usementioning

confidence: 87%

“…In ethnomedical use, the fresh leaves of S. divinorum are chewed or ground into a blend and consumed by ingesting the liquid (Cunningham et al ., ). Recently, S. divinorum (usually referred to as salvia) has received increasing attention for its recreational use due to its unique psychomimetic effects as well as its accessibility, legality in some areas, perception of relative safety, and lack of detectability upon routine drug screening (Giroud et al ., ; González et al ., ; Lange et al ., , ; Miller et al ., ; Baggott et al ., ; Casselman and Heinrich, ; Ford et al ., ; Kelly, ; Wu et al ., ; Perron et al ., ; Sumnall et al ., ). S. divinorum is frequently promoted as a safe and legal alternative to scheduled hallucinogenic drugs, such as cannabis, LSD, and mescaline (Hoover et al ., ; Cunningham et al ., ; Sumnall et al ., ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Salvia divinorum: from Mazatec medicinal and hallucinogenic plant to emerging recreational drug

Zawilska

Wojcieszak

2013

Human Psychopharmacology

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Salvia divinorum is a sage endemic to a small region of Mexico and has been traditionally used by the Mazatec Indians for divination and spiritual healing. Recently, it has gained increased popularity as a recreational drug, used by adolescents and young adults as an alternative to marijuana and LSD. Salvinorin A, the major active ingredient of the plant, is considered to be the most potent known hallucinogen of natural origin. This review surveys the current state of knowledge on the neurochemical, pharmacokinetic, and pharmacological properties of salvinorin A, the trends and motivation behind S. divinorum use, and the health problems among users of the plant's products. S. divinorum induces intense, but short-lived, psychedelic-like changes in mood and perception, with concomitant hallucinations and disorientation. Many websites have misinterpreted the limited existing research-based information on the side effects of salvia as evidence for its safety. However, data accumulated over the last few years indicate that potential health risks are associated with the use of S. divinorum, especially by teenagers, users of other substances of abuse, and individuals with underlying psychotic disturbances. Taken together, the data presented in this review point to the need for further basic and clinical studies to create a basis for the development of well-addressed prevention and treatment strategies.

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Correlates of Salvia divinorum use in a national sample: Findings from the 2009 National Survey on Drug Use and Health

Cited by 19 publications

References 16 publications

Not-So-Clean Fun: A Profile of Bath Salt Users Among a College Sample in the United States

Not-So-Clean Fun: A Profile of Bath Salt Users Among a College Sample in the United States

Dose-Related Behavioral, Subjective, Endocrine, and Psychophysiological Effects of the κ Opioid Agonist Salvinorin A in Humans

Salvia divinorum: from Mazatec medicinal and hallucinogenic plant to emerging recreational drug

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