Correction to: Assessment of intratumor immune-microenvironment in colorectal cancers with extranodal extension of nodal metastases

Fassan, Matteo; Vianello, Luca; Sacchi, Diana; Fanelli, Giuseppe Nicolò; Munari, Giada; Scarpa, Marco; Cappellesso, Rocco; Loupakis, Fotios; Lanza, Cristiano; Salmaso, Roberta; Mescoli, Claudia; Valeri, Nicola; Agostini, Marco; D’Angelo, Edoardo; Pucciarelli, Salvatore; Veronese, Nicola; Luchini, Claudio

doi:10.1186/s12935-019-0966-z

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“…BRAF-mutated (BRAFmt) CRCs have specific clinicopathological and molecular features [14][15][16][17][18], identifying a distinct subset with aggressive phenotype and poor outcome ( Fig. 1).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The heterogeneous clinical and pathological landscapes of metastatic Braf-mutated colorectal cancer

et al. 2020

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Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a complex and molecularly heterogeneous disease representing one of the most frequent causes of cancer-related death worldwide. About 8-15% of CRCs harbor a mutation in BRAF gene, a proto-oncogene involved in cell proliferation, differentiation and survival through the MAPK signaling cascade. The acquisition of BRAF mutation is an early event in the "serrated" CRC carcinogenetic pathway and is associated with specific and aggressive clinico-pathological and molecular features. Despite that the presence of BRAF mutation is a well-recognized negative prognostic biomarker in metastatic CRC (mCRC), a great heterogeneity in survival outcome characterizes these patients, due to the complex, and still not completely fully elucidated, interactions between the clinical, genetic and epigenetic landscape of BRAF mutations. Because of the great aggressiveness of BRAF-mutated mCRCs, only 60% of patients can receive a second-line chemotherapy; so intensive combined and tailored first-line approach could be a potentially effective strategy, but to minimize the selective pressure of resistant clones and to reduce side effects, a better stratification of patients bearing BRAF mutations is needed.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The heterogeneous clinical and pathological landscapes of metastatic Braf-mutated colorectal cancer

et al. 2020

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“…Both bind to PD-1, a receptor of the CD28/cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) family [ 171 ]. The role of this axis as therapeutic target is well known in several solid malignancies [ 172 , 173 , 174 ].…”

Section: Tumor Microenvironment In Glioblastomamentioning

confidence: 99%

Decipher the Glioblastoma Microenvironment: The First Milestone for New Groundbreaking Therapeutic Strategies

Fanelli

Grassini

Ortenzi³

et al. 2021

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Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common primary malignant brain tumour in adults. Despite the combination of novel therapeutical approaches, it remains a deadly malignancy with an abysmal prognosis. GBM is a polymorphic tumour from both molecular and histological points of view. It consists of different malignant cells and various stromal cells, contributing to tumour initiation, progression, and treatment response. GBM’s microenvironment is multifaceted and is made up of soluble factors, extracellular matrix components, tissue-resident cell types (e.g., neurons, astrocytes, endothelial cells, pericytes, and fibroblasts) together with resident (e.g., microglia) or recruited (e.g., bone marrow-derived macrophages) immune cells. These latter constitute the so-called immune microenvironment, accounting for a substantial GBM’s tumour volume. Despite the abundance of immune cells, an intense state of tumour immunosuppression is promoted and developed; this represents the significant challenge for cancer cells’ immune-mediated destruction. Though literature data suggest that distinct GBM’s subtypes harbour differences in their microenvironment, its role in treatment response remains obscure. However, an in-depth investigation of GBM’s microenvironment may lead to novel therapeutic opportunities to improve patients’ outcomes. This review will elucidate the GBM’s microenvironment composition, highlighting the current state of the art in immunotherapy approaches. We will focus on novel strategies of active and passive immunotherapies, including vaccination, gene therapy, checkpoint blockade, and adoptive T-cell therapies.

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Correction to: Assessment of intratumor immune-microenvironment in colorectal cancers with extranodal extension of nodal metastases

Cited by 2 publications

References 1 publication

The heterogeneous clinical and pathological landscapes of metastatic Braf-mutated colorectal cancer

The heterogeneous clinical and pathological landscapes of metastatic Braf-mutated colorectal cancer

Decipher the Glioblastoma Microenvironment: The First Milestone for New Groundbreaking Therapeutic Strategies

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