Background
Over-expression and over-activation of immunosuppressive enzyme indoleamine 2, 3 -dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) is a key mechanism of cancer immune escape. However, the regulation of IDO1 has not been fully studied. The relation between hydrogen sulfide (H
2
S) and IDO1 is unclear.
Methods
The influences of endogenous and exogenous H
2
S on the expression of IDO1, iNOS and NF-κB and STAT3 signaling proteins were investigated using qPCR or western blot, and the production of nitric oxide (NO) was analyzed by nitrate/nitrite assay in
Cse
−/−
mice and MCF-7 and SGC-7901 cells. The effect of H
2
S on IDO1 activity was investigated by HPLC and in-vitro enzymatic assay. The effect of H
2
S on tryptophan metabolism was tested by luciferase reporter assay in MCF-7 and SGC-7901 cells. The correlation between H
2
S-generating enzyme CSE and IDO1 was investigated by immunostaining and heatmaps analysis in clinical specimens and tissue arrays of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients. The immunotherapeutic effects of H
2
S on H22 HCC-bearing mice were investigated.
Results
Using
Cse
−/−
mice, we found that H
2
S deficiency increased IDO1 expression and activity, stimulated NF-κB and STAT3 pathways and decreased the expression of NO-generating enzyme
Inos
. Using IDO1-expressing MCF-7 and SGC-7901 cells, we found that exogenous H
2
S inhibited IDO1 expression by blocking STAT3 and NF-κB pathways, and decreased IDO1 activity via H
2
S/NO crosstalk, and combinedly decreased the tryptophan metabolism. The negative correlation between H
2
S-generating enzyme CSE and IDO1 was further validated in clinical specimens and tissue arrays of HCC patients. Additionally, H
2
S donors effectively restricted the tumor development in H22 HCC-bearing mice via downregulating IDO1 expression, inducing T-effector cells and inhibiting MDSCs.
Conclusions
Thus, H
2
S, as a novel negative regulator of IDO1, shows encouraging antitumor immunotherapeutic effects and represents a novel therapeutic target in cancer therapy.
Electronic supplementary material
The online version of this article (10.1186/s13046-019-1083-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.