Different from isolated metal atoms and large metal nanoparticles (NPs), supported metal clusters (SMCs) possess distinct geometric and electronic structures and thus exhibit enhanced activity and designated selectivity in catalysis. So far, with the development in synthetic methodologies and characterization techniques, SMCs with fine structures could be constructed and well-defined at the atomic level. In addition, based on computational modeling of SMCs, theoretical calculations corroborated well with experimental results, providing in-depth insights into the structure–property relationship for SMCs in catalysis. In this Review, classic synthetic strategies and key characterization techniques of SMCs are summarized. Subsequently, the applications of SMCs in important catalytic reactions based on recent studies are discussed, including aerobic oxidation, hydrogenation, dehydrogenation, water–gas shift (WGS) reaction, and photocatalytic reactions. In particular, the importance of the cluster size-effect and metal–support interactions in determining the catalytic performance of SMCs is highlighted. Lastly, challenges and prospects in SMCs’ catalysis are illustrated.

Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO-1) is emerging as an important new therapeutic target for the treatment of cancer, neurological disorders, and other diseases that are characterized by pathological tryptophan metabolism. However, only a few structural classes are known to be IDO-1 inhibitors. In this study, a natural compound tryptanthrin was discovered to be a novel potent IDO-1 inhibitor by screening of indole-based structures. Three series of 13 tryptanthrin derivatives were synthesized, and the structure-activity analysis was undertaken. The optimization led to the identification of 5c, which exhibited the inhibitory activity at a nanomolar level. In vitro 5c dramatically augmented the proliferation of T cells. When administered to Lewis lung cancer (LLC) tumor-bearing mice, 5c significantly inhibited IDO-1 activity and suppressed tumor growth. In addition, 5c reduced the numbers of Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells (Tregs), which are known to prevent the development of efficient antitumor immune responses.

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Herein, we report efficient single copper atom catalysts that consist of dense atomic Cu sites dispersed on a three-dimensional carbon matrix with highly enhanced mesoporous structures and improved active site accessibility (Cu-SA/NC­(meso)). The ratio of +1 to +2 oxidation state of the Cu sites in the Cu-SA/NC­(meso) catalysts can be controlled by varying the urea content in the adsorption precursor, and the activity for ORR increases with the addition of Cu1+ sites. The optimal Cu1+-SA/NC­(meso)-7 catalyst with highly accessible Cu1+ sites exhibits superior ORR activity in alkaline media with a half-wave potential (E 1/2) of 0.898 V vs RHE, significantly exceeding the commercial Pt/C, along with high durability and enhanced methanol tolerance. Control experiments and theoretical calculations demonstrate that the superior ORR catalytic performance of Cu1+-SA/NC­(meso)-7 catalyst is attributed to the atomically dispersed Cu1+ sites in catalyzing the reaction and the advantage of the introduced mesoporous structure in enhancing the mass transport.

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An intelligent surgical knife (iKnife) coupled with rapid evaporative ionization mass spectrometry (REIMS) was employed for the lipidomic profiling of fresh and frozen−thawed beef muscle. The data were obtained by REIMS and then processed using multivariate statistical analysis methods including principal component analysis−linear discriminant analysis (PCA−LDA) and orthogonal partial least-squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA). The discrimination of fresh and frozen−thawed meat has been achieved, and the real-time identification accuracy was 92−100%. Changes in the composition and content of fatty acids and phospholipids were statistically analyzed by OPLS-DA, and the ions of m/z 279.2317, m/z 681.4830, and m/z 697.4882 were selected as differential compounds/metabolites. The developed method was also successfully applied in the discrimination of fresh and frozen−thawed meat samples. These results showed that REIMS as a high-throughput, rapid, and real-time mass spectrometry detection technology can be used for the identification of fresh and frozen−thawed meat samples.

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