“…First, most studies have discussed the relationship between business cycles and health expenditure in developed countries such as the United States and Europe (4,9), while limited studies have paid attention to this issue in emerging markets (6,20). However, there are some differences between emerging economies and developed economies in political, economic, and cultural aspects (35)(36)(37), and business cycles may have different effects on health expenditure. Second, most studies have discussed the counter-cyclical or pro-cyclical effects of business cycles on health expenditure from the following perspectives, such as medical affordability (6)(7)(8), environmental quality (9-13), universal healthcare (15), aging population (15), and population health (16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25)(26).…”