Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): A Brief Report

Abstract

Severe acute respiratory syndrome (“SARS-CoV-2”, previously provisionally named “2019 novel coronavirus” or “2019-nCoV”) disease (COVID-19) in China, at the end of 2019, resulted in a large global outbreak.Among patients with pneumonia caused by SARS-CoV-2, fever is the most common symptom, followed by dry cough. Bilateral lung involvement with ground-glass opacities (GGOs) is the most common finding from computed tomography (CT) images of the chest.At present, there are no specific antiviral drugs against SARS-CoV-2 infection for potential therapy of humans. Current treatments are mainly focused on symptomatic and respiratory support in patients with COVID-19. Preventive measures are the current strategy to limit the spread of cases.The present report summarizes the point of the situation about this global emergency.

COVID-19 in Italy: An Overview from the First Case to Date

“…These behaviour rules included: avoiding close contact with other people, especially those suffering from acute respiratory symptoms (fever, cough, sneezes), frequent hand-washing, especially after contact with crowded environments or with ill people, covering coughs and sneezes with disposable tissues and enhancing standard infection prevention and control practices in hospitals, especially in Emergency Departments. People were encouraged to seek medical attention in case of symptoms suggestive of respiratory illness either during or after travels (16).…”

“…Meanwhile, the rapid spread of COVID-19 infection brought the International Community to accelerate researches on new strategies of interventions, including effective tests, vaccines and therapeutics and to share critical scientific data to ensure that those affected were promptly diagnosed, receiving optimal care. Scientists from everywhere in the world worked together to find a global strategy against this dramatic increase in cases: from 11 to 12 February 2020, almost 400 world scientists met at WHO's Geneva Headquarters to discuss the current level of knowledge about the COVID-19 virus (transmission route, epidemiological studies, natural history of the disease, researches on its origins) but also to identify new strategies to prepare the world for future outbreaks, including clinical management, infection prevention and control measures in both individuals and healthcare workers, candidate therapeutics and vaccines (16).…”

The Role and Therapeutic Potential of NF-kappa-B Pathway in Severe COVID-19 Patients

“…Apart from association with the “cytokine storm”, the NF-κB pathway is well known to be associated with the pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome (Baker et al 2011 ; Urso 2020 ). Diabetes and obesity are attributed to a chronic inflammatory state, with high levels of glucose and free fatty acids in the body.…”

Similarities and differences of COVID-19 and avian infectious bronchitis from molecular pathologist and poultry specialist view point

“…On other hands, individual who shows severe respiratory pneumonia may be recorded death due to respiratory massive destruction as a result of virus replication in endothelial cells of alveoli (60). In paediatric individual who infected with SARS-CoV-2, the clinical symptoms included congestion of pharynx 1%, sore throat 1%, fever 13% and coughing 3.8% (61). In cases end with death the symptoms start as dry cough, progress to severely affecting pneumonia, coagulopathy, septic shock (62), acute onset of fever, dizziness, muscle spasm, vomiting, nausea, diarrhea and chest pain (63,64).…”