Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System: A model for precision feeding of dairy cattle

Prediction of carbohydrate fractions using equations from the Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System (CNCPS) is a valuable tool to assess the nutritional value of forages. In this paper, these carbohydrate fractions were predicted using data from three sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) cultivars, fresh or as silage. The CNCPS equations for fractions B 2 and C include measurement of ash and protein-free neutral detergent fibre (NDF) as one of their components. However, NDF lacks pectin and other non-starch polysaccharides that are found in the cell wall (CW) matrix, so this work compared the use of a crude CW preparation instead of NDF in the CNCPS equations. There were no differences in the estimates of fractions B 1 and C when CW replaced NDF; however, there were differences in fractions A and B 2 . Some of the CNCPS equations could be simplified when using CW instead of NDF. Notably, lignin could be expressed as a proportion of DM, rather than on the basis of ash and protein-free NDF, when predicting CNCPS fraction C. The CNCPS fraction B 1 (starch 1 pectin) values were lower than pectin determined through wet chemistry. This finding, along with the results obtained by the substitution of CW for NDF in the CNCPS equations, suggests that pectin was not part of fraction B 1 but present in fraction A. We suggest that pectin and other non-starch polysaccharides that are dissolved by the neutral detergent solution be allocated to a specific fraction (B 2 ) and that another fraction (B 3 ) be adopted for the digestible cell wall carbohydrates.

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“…When Tylutki et al (2007) released the most recent version of the CNCPS model, they incorporated the above expanded CHO scheme in the model.…”

Section: àCðg=kgchoþ: ð10þmentioning

confidence: 99%

Substitution of crude cell wall for neutral detergent fibre in the equations of the Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System that predict carbohydrate fractions: application to sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)

Queiróz

Fukushima

Gomide

et al. 2008

Animal

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“…Most dairy cattle nutritionists in Brazil have adopted the NRC (2001) and the Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System (Fox et al, 2004;Tylutki et al, 2008) models to estimate the requirements and performance of dairy cows, heifers and dairy calves. These models were developed in North America under temperate climatic conditions and based on different milk replacers, calf starters and management.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Over the last few decades, several nutrition models (Institute National de la Recherche Agronomique, 1989;Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, 1990;Fox et al, 1992;Agricultural and Food Research Council (AFRC), 1993;National Research Council (NRC), 2001;Tylutki et al, 2008) were developed, evaluated or updated, and used to estimate requirements and performance of animals. However, some groups such as dairy calves less than 2 months of age are overlooked on the farms.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The development of models is based on known facts and logical assumptions, and then the predictions from the model are compared with independent real data (Vanden Berg, 1980). The evaluation of different models is important to verify the accuracy and precision of the estimated values in different environmental conditions, genotypes and managements.Over the last few decades, several nutrition models (Institute National de la Recherche Agronomique, 1989; Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, 1990; † E-mail: veridianalsousa@yahoo.com.br Animal (2016), 10:12, pp 1965-1974 Fox et al, 1992; Agricultural and Food Research Council (AFRC), 1993; National Research Council (NRC), 2001;Tylutki et al, 2008) were developed, evaluated or updated, and used to estimate requirements and performance of animals. However, some groups such as dairy calves less than 2 months of age are overlooked on the farms.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the transition phase, both liquid diet and starter contribute to the supply of nutrient requirements of the calf. In the third phase, called ruminant, the nutrient requirements are met by microbial fermentation of solid feeds in the reticulo-rumen (Davis and Clark, 1981;Davis and Drackley, 1998).Most dairy cattle nutritionists in Brazil have adopted the NRC (2001) and the Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System (Fox et al, 2004;Tylutki et al, 2008) models to estimate the requirements and performance of dairy cows, heifers and dairy calves. These models were developed in North America under temperate climatic conditions and based on different milk replacers, calf starters and management.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Evaluation of nutrition models to estimate performance of young dairy calves: a meta-analytical study under tropical conditions

Souza

Drackley

Almeida

et al. 2016

animal

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Mathematical models are important tools to estimate nutritional requirements and animal growth. Very few calf models generated from other countries with different feeding programs, environment and production systems have been evaluated. The objective of this paper is to evaluate two calf models: (i) the National Research Council (NRC) in 2001 and (ii) the updates published by Van Amburgh and Drackley in 2005 and inputted into Agricultural Modeling and Training Systems (AMTS, version 3.5.8). Data from 16 previous studies involving 51 diets for dairy calves under tropical conditions (n = 485 calves, initial BW 37.5 ± 4.35 kg and weaning weight of 62.0 ± 10.16 kg) were used. The calves were fed with whole milk, milk replacer or fermented colostrum, plus starter (20.9 ± 1.78% of CP). The accuracy of the average daily gain (ADG) prediction was evaluated by mean bias, mean square prediction error (MSPE), concordance correlation coefficient, bias correction factor (Cb), and regression between the observed and predicted values. The ADG observed from birth to weaning was 0.452 ± 0.121 kg/day. Calves fed with whole milk had greater ADG compared with calves fed milk replacer (0.477 v. 0.379 kg/day) during the milk-feeding period. When all data were pooled (n = 51 diets), predictions had a mean bias of −0.019 and 0.068 kg/day for energy-allowable gain using NRC and AMTS models, respectively. The regression equation between observed and predicted values obtained from energy of diets showed an intercept different from zero ( P < 0.0001) and slope that differed from unity ( P < 0.0001). In a second evaluation, when calves were fed only milk replacer, the energy-allowable gain from AMTS showed the lowest mean bias (0.008 kg/day) and 82.1% of the MSPE value originated from random errors. The lowest MSPE, the higher Cb value and no significant slope bias ( P > 0.05) indicate that the AMTS growth model resulted in accurate predictions for calves fed with milk replacer. However, within these latter two approaches, the goodness of fit ( R 2 ) was low, representing low precision. The weight gain estimated by the energy available from the diet was overestimated by 19 g/day when calculated by the NRC and underestimated by 68 g/day when calculated by AMTS. The reasons for this discrepancy need to be understood, for only then new models could be developed and parameterized to estimate animal performance in tropical conditions more accurately and precisely.Keywords: calf models, cross-bred calves, growth, meta-analysis, prediction ImplicationsThe development of an accurate calf model has been challenging because several factors affect growth such as breed, colostrum and feeding programs, facilities and environmental conditions. Because of the conventional feeding system (e.g. 4 l/calf at each of two daily feedings) and tropical conditions, the animals evaluated in this study showed poor weight gains. The low energy to protein ratio likely reduced calf growth rates. Currently available calf models can be used to predict calf growth during ...

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Annual protein yield and extractable protein potentials in three legumes and two grasses

Thers

Eriksen

2021

J Sci Food Agric

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BACKGROUND New protein sources with low environmental and climatic impact are needed. Perennial crops show advantages as compared to annual crops and the upcoming biorefinery technology can extract proteins from the perennial biomass for protein concentrate production. The search for best‐suited biomass crops needs to include harvest during the full growing season to support economic viability of biorefinery plants. Here we examined two grasses under increasing N fertilizer regime (175, 350 and 525 kg N ha−1) and three legumes, subject to a four‐cut strategy. The well‐defined Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System (CNCPS) was used to estimate potential extractable protein. A key, previously presented in the literature, was applied in order to translate the CNCPS results into potential extracted protein concentrate. RESULTS Crude protein (CP) yield per hectare was highest in red clover in 2015 (2907 kg CP ha−1) and the fertilized (525 kg N ha−1) tall fescue in 2016 (2435 kg CP ha−1). When translating the numbers into potential extraction of protein concentrate, the red clover had the highest protein concentrate yield per hectare in 2015 (835 kg CP ha−1) and lucerne in 2016 (803 kg CP ha−1). CONCLUSION The results revealed that the entire season needs attention for optimization and not only the first cut, since both CP yields and quality peaks in different cuts across the five species and 2 years. Further knowledge of CP yield responses to field management and species mixtures are needed in order to advise farmers on the optimal crop for biorefining. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.

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Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System: A model for precision feeding of dairy cattle

Cited by 184 publications

References 21 publications

Substitution of crude cell wall for neutral detergent fibre in the equations of the Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System that predict carbohydrate fractions: application to sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)

Substitution of crude cell wall for neutral detergent fibre in the equations of the Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System that predict carbohydrate fractions: application to sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)

Evaluation of nutrition models to estimate performance of young dairy calves: a meta-analytical study under tropical conditions

Annual protein yield and extractable protein potentials in three legumes and two grasses

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